长江三角洲生态系统的近代演化特征及其生态与环境问题分析

长江三角洲主要生态系统类型包括河流生态系统、河口海岸湿地生态系统、农林生态系统、城市生态系统、湖泊生态系统以及近海海域生态系统，、长江三角洲是人类和自然相互作用的结果．具有明显的生态边缘效应．支持了长江三角洲丰富的动植物区系。文章分析了长江三角洲地区主要生态系统的演化特征及其相互关系：阐述了长江三角洲地区主要生态系统在城市化进程中所面临的生态与环境问题．从系统生态学的角度对长江三角洲地区主要自然生态系统的修复和保护提出了对革。同时分析了流域治理和区域治理的重要性．这对于长江三角洲地区社会和经济的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。     

黄河三角洲地区农业环境现状与污染防治措施

在黄河三角洲地区,近几年来,农业生产得到快速发展,农用薄膜、化肥和农药的使用量也逐年增加,由于人们环保意识薄弱,致使农业环境受到污染.农田连续覆膜十年以上,土壤中农膜残留量可达55～60kg/hm2;果园和蔬菜保护地栽培连续五年以上的地块,土壤中有机磷农药检出率高达80%以上;化肥用量连续五年达到每年1500～2000kg/hm2的农田,土壤有机质下降0.18～0.23%,团粒结构减少4.1～5.3%,总孔隙度减少11.4～13.8%,土壤的理化性能严重下降.通过对农业环境主要污染因素和污染现状分析,采取相应的防治措施,对保护农业环境,促进农业和农村经济的可持续发展有十分重要的意义.     

Carbon isotope ratios in logged and unlogged boreal forests: Examination of the potential for determining wildlife habitat use

Due to assimilation of recycled CO₂ from litter decomposition and photosynthetic changes in carbon fractionation at low light levels, the foliage at the base of a forest is often more depleted in¹³C compared to that exposed to the atmosphere in either the canopy or in open clearings. This is referred to as the canopy effect. African research has indicated that these habitat differences in foliar ¹³C can be substantial enough to affect the carbon isotope ratios of resident fauna. Previous work documenting a 30-year chronology on moose teeth from Isle Royale National Park indicated a progressive depletion in¹³C and suggested that this could be due to forest regrowth following extensive burning. The present study examined the assumption implicit in this hypothesis that foliar ¹³C varies between open and closed boreal forest sites. I found a marginal canopy effect of 2 ¹³C difference between upper canopy and ground flora for a forest in northwestern Ontario and an average difference of 1.2 in under- and mid-story vegetation between closed forests and open clear-cuts. Because of these small differences, the utility of carbon isotope analysis in quantifying temporally integrated exploitation of deforested habitats will be low for northern boreal locations. In denser forests, such as those in the tropics or western North American where the canopy effect can be expected to be much greater, ¹³C analysis may still offer some promise for determining selection by wildlife of disturbed habitats.     

长江铜陵段表层水中重金属含量及存在形态分布研究

通过测定长江铜陵段枯、丰水期江水中cu、Pb、Zn和cd不同形态的含量,分析了4种金属在江水中的存在形态分布,不同水期含量变化,水中悬浮物对金属吸附能力大小,以及近20年来含量的变化情况。结果表明,长江铜陵段江水中各重金属总量丰水期时大于枯水期,重金属各形态含量之间均有差异:丰水期时,各金属会被悬浮物以不同的方式携带进入水体中,cu、zn、Pb以活跃态和稳定态为主,Cd以活跃态为主;枯水期时,Zn主要以溶解态和稳定态为主,Pb以稳定态方式被携带,而80％的Cu、Cd是以溶解态形式存于水中。悬浮物(丰水期)对重金属的吸附能力大小顺序为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd。与近20年江水中的重金属背景值比较,长江铜陵段重金属含量有普遍升高的趋势。     

辽宁双台河口湿地生态安全评价

受人类活动强烈干扰,河口湿地的生态安全问题日益严峻。对湿地生态安全的评价研究应遵循"人—湿地"复合系统思想,文章坚持湿地可持续发展的时空观念,突出人为因素,兼顾自然因素,评价了双台河口湿地生态安全的空间状况,具体探讨了湿地核心地带生态安全的演化机理。结果表明:辽河三角洲地区生态安全水平空间差异较大,西市区、站前区为极不安全,鲅鱼圈区为不安全区,盘山县、双台子区、兴隆台区为临界安全区,老边区、大洼县为较安全区。双台河口湿地核心区所在的大洼地区,近7年来生态安全演变态势较好,由生态临界安全上升为较安全,但仍未达到理想安全状态,与周边县区生态安全等级不高有密切关系。最后提出了双台河口湿地生态安全的对策与建议。     

云南大气降水中δ18O与气象要素及水汽来源之间的关系

根据云南昆明、腾冲、蒙自三个地区在2009 年1 月至2011 年12 月3 a 间收集的大气降水以及相关气象要素资料,结合欧洲中期数值预报中心以及NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料,研究了天气尺度下三个地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O与降水量、温度、水汽压等气象要素之间的关系,并分析了δ¹⁸O与高空各气压层（800、700、500、300 hPa）风速的相关关系。结果表明：在天气尺度下,三个地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O与降水量、温度、水汽压均存在显著的负相关,表明三个地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O的变化具有显著的降水量效应、反温度效应以及湿度效应;同时,高空各气压层风速与δ¹⁸O之间存在正相关关系,表明高空风速也是影响大气降水中δ¹⁸O变化的一个重要因素。通过拉格朗日后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT 4.8 追踪三个地区水汽输送轨迹发现,三个地区大气降水的水汽来源基本一致,表明三地处在同一条水汽通道上。在湿季降水期间（5-9 月）,水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海以及南海等海域,降水中δ¹⁸O偏低;而在干季降水期间（10 月-翌年4月）,水汽主要来源于西风带携带的内陆水汽以及局地水汽再循环,降水中δ¹⁸O偏高。     

长江沉积物中痕量氯代酚类化合物的测定

本文利用同位素稀释质谱法对长江南京段沉积物中１８种氯代酚进行了分离鉴定,结果表明,沉积物中ＣＰｓ的含量以五氯苯酚为主,     

珠江三角洲地区大气中有机氯农药的被动采样观测

利用PUF被动采样装置,对珠江三角洲地区大气中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行监测.结果显示,广东省大气中有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCH)及氯丹(Chlordane),其中DDTs约占总OCPs的54.5%;香港大气中农药残留主要是氯丹和DDTs,氯丹约占总含量的51.3%.珠三角地区大气中有机氯农药空间分布差异明显(580-5500pg·m-3),香港平均浓度远远低于广东省.另外,广东省仍有工业DDT在使用,造成广东省大气中有"新"的工业DDT输入;而三氯杀螨醇是香港大气中DDT高含量的重要来源;广东省和香港HCH主要源于林丹使用的残留,香港的Eastern及Tsuen Wan源于工业六六六使用的残留;珠江三角洲所有采样点的HCB含量较低,大气中HCB少量残留可能是HCB作为药物中间体的化学合成及HCB在大气中长距离传输的结果.     

Assessing Impact of Urbanization on River Water Quality In The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China

The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is one of the most developed regions in China. It has been undergoing a rapid urbanization since the reformation and opening of China in 1978. This process plays a significant impact on the urban environment, particularly river water quality. The main goal of this present study is to assess the impact of urban activities especially urbanization on river water quality for the study area. Some Landsat TM images from 2000 were used to map the areas for different pollution levels of urban river sections for the study area. In addition, an improved equalized synthetic pollution index method was utilized to assess the field analytical results. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the rapidity of urbanization and the pollution levels of urban river water. Compared to the rural river water, urban river water was polluted more seriously. During the urban development process, urbanization and urban activities had a significant negative impact on the river water quality.     

Bioconcentration and half-life of quinalphos pesticide in rice-fish integration system in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

In order to determine the distribution and enable the elimination of quinalphos, a popular active pesticide compound used in the Mekong Delta, an experiment was set up in a rice-fish integration system in Can Tho City, Vietnam. Fish was stocked into the field when the rice was two-months old. Quinalphos was applied twice in doses of 42.5 g per 1000 m². Water, fish and sediment samples were collected at time intervals and analyzed by a Gas Chromatography Electron Capture Detector system. The results show that quinalphos residues in fish muscles were much higher than those of the water and the bioconcentration factor (logBCF) was above 2 for the fish. The half-life of first and second quinalphos applications were 12.2 and 11.1 days for sediment, 2.5 and 1.1 days for silver barb, 1.9 and 1.3 days for common carp, and 1.1 and 1.0 days for water, respectively.