Distribution characteristics of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the Typha latifolia constructed wetlands using fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)

A molecular biology method, fluorescent in situ hybridization（FISH）, in which the pre-treatment was improved in allusion to the media of the constructed wetlands（CW）, e.g. the soil and the grit, was used to investigate the vertical distribution characteristics of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） quantity and the relation with oxidation-reduction potential（ORP） in the Typha latifolia constructed wetlands under three different Ioadings in summer from May to September. Results showed that the quantity of the AOB decreased in the Typha latifolia CW with the increase of vertical depth. However, the AOB quantity was 2-4 times the quantity of the control in the root area. Additionally, ORP in the rhizosphere was found to be higher than other areas, which showed that Typha latifolia CW was in an aerobic state in summer when using simulated non-point sewage at the rural area of Taihu Lake in China and small town combined sewage.     

铜绿微囊藻胁迫对宽叶香蒲叶片光呼吸特性的影响

采用共生培养的实验方法,通过追踪测定宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia)叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率、光呼吸速率及乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,研究不同初始密度铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)对宽叶香蒲叶片光呼吸特性的影响。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻初始密度为1.0×104ind/m L时,宽叶香蒲叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、光呼吸速率及GO、GS及CAT的活性增加,说明低密度铜绿微囊藻对宽叶香蒲叶片的光合作用及光呼吸具有促进作用;铜绿微囊藻初始密度为1.0×107ind/m L时,宽叶香蒲叶片净光合速率、光呼吸速率及GO、GS及CAT的活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,表明经过一段时间培养后,高密度铜绿微囊藻对宽叶香蒲叶片的光合作用和光呼吸呈现出抑制作用。但是在净光合速率急剧降低的时候,光呼吸速率在短时间内仍然维持在一个较高水平,说明宽叶香蒲可能通过维持或增强光呼吸在一定程度上抵抗逆境胁迫。     

大叶冬青资源的开发利用与发展前景

大叶冬青是一种用途较广的珍贵药用植物资源,近年来市场对大叶冬青资源的需求日益增大。论述了大叶冬青的形态特征、生态习性、高产栽培技术、采收、加工以及其经济、生态和社会效益。     

菰和菖蒲在污水中的生长特性及其净化效果比较

通过漂浮栽植菰(Zizania latifolia)和菖蒲(Acoruscalamus),研究了它们在低、中、高3种浓度污水中的生长特性及其对这3种浓度污水的净化效果.结果表明,菰和菖蒲均在中浓度污水中生长最好.菰在中浓度污水中的生物量显著高于低浓度和高浓度中;菖蒲在中浓度污水中的生物量略高于低浓度和高浓度中,但差异不显著.菰对中浓度污水中TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为97.4%、95.3%、98.5%和71.4%,对高浓度污水中TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为96.4%、97.7%、88.2%和76.1%,净化效果均显著高于低浓度中.菰可作为中、高浓度污水的净化植物.菖蒲净化中浓度污水的效果最好,对TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为97.5%、94.1%、98.5%和72.7%;对高浓度污水中的NH3-N和CODCr去除效果也较好,去除率分别为97.8%和86.7%,但对TN和TP的去除率分别为89.5%和70.9%,显著低于对低浓度和中浓度污水中TN和TP的去除率.图1表4参13     

农田排灌水的稳定塘-植物床复合系统处理

采用稳定塘-植物床系统处理农田排灌水,植物床栽植茭草和芦苇.监测结果表明,雨季、旱季平均流量分别为417.1,206.8m3/d,无降雨期间渗漏、蒸发蒸腾损失的水量之和占进水的42.1%～60.5%.系统雨季进水COD、总氮(TN)、氨氮和总磷(TP)平均浓度分别为97.9,8.09,3.38,0.69mg/L,旱季分别为112,7.76,3.78,0.98mg/L.各项污染物平均去除率大于57%.芦苇和茭草的生长速度在5月最大.因植物收割去除的N和P量分别占进水的14.6%和27.1%.从2002年4月~2003年7月湿地截留SS量为297.5m³.     

间歇曝气对人工垂直潜流湿地氮磷去除性能的影响

采用页岩和香蒲(Typha latifolia)构建人工垂直潜流湿地处理津河富营养化水体,研究间歇曝气对潜流湿地氮磷去除效果的影响.设计水力负荷800 mm/d,气水比5∶1.试验期间(2006-06～2006-11),氮磷月平均去除率在8月份达到最大值.与无曝气系统相比,中部曝气使氨氮(NH 4-N)、总氮(TN)、可溶性活性磷(SRP)和总磷(TP)月平均去除率分别提高10.1%、4.7%、10.2%和8.8%,底部曝气则为25.1%、10.0%、7.7%和7.4%,间歇曝气能够有效提高人工潜流湿地氮磷去除效率.曝气产生的有氧环境不利于硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)去除,试验期间底部曝气和中部曝气NO-3-N月平均去除率一直低于无曝气系统.试验结束后收割香蒲地上组织(茎和叶),测定地上组织生物量及茎、叶中的氮磷含量,结果表明,间歇曝气虽然抑制香蒲地上组织生物量的增加,但却能够有效提高茎、叶中氮磷含量.与无曝气系统相比,通过收割香蒲地上组织可使TN去除分别增加11.6g·m-2(中部曝气)和12.6 g·m-2(底部曝气).     

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 different inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15 months. The removal efficiency of four different sets of beds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, the mixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied. The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of these beds under different inflow loadings and pollution loadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 subsurface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹, while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. The results showed that the inflow and outflow loading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obvious linear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run the system was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. Average removal rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control. TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bed were 63% and 27% higher than the control bed, respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption of plants indicated that the absorption amount was very limited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved that plants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving the water flow, and increasing the biomass, as well as activities of microorganisms around the roots. The research provided a perspective for understanding the TN removal mechanism and design for SFS. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 253–256 [译自: 环境科学]     

三峡库区特有植物疏花水柏枝繁殖的初步研究

疏花水柏枝当年春发的长枝和秋发的短枝均可用于扦插繁殖。５月上旬和１０月中旬进行扦插,生根较快、２０ｄ左右就可生根。插条处理以ＩＢＡ质量浓度为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的药剂基部浸泡２０ｈ效果较好。生根率可达９０％以上。疏花水柏枝生性喜湿,耐涝,用水插法亦可达到理想的生根效果。栽培条件下,疏花水柏枝花果期为６到１０月。种子大量散发的最高峰在１０月中下旬。种子短命,随采随插发芽率高。人工播种宜在秋季进行。在土壤湿度     

表面活性剂对茭白生长影响及土壤残留分析

采用土培的试验方法,研究了在不同浓度阴离子表面活性剂——直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)处理后,单季茭"美人茭"的生长、茭白叶片中叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统活性的变化情况,以及LAS在茭白叶片和土壤中的相对残留量.结果表明,10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度对茭白的生长状态没有显著影响;1000 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭株高和最大叶宽均分别低于对照25.5%(p0.05)和27.0%(p0.05),处理过程中叶绿素总含量大幅下降.10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,1000 mg.L-1LAS处理浓度下美人茭的过氧化物酶(POD)活性受到严重的抑制.丙二醛(MDA)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,并随着LAS处理浓度的升高而升高.茭白叶片中LAS残留量先下降后上升,10 mg.L-1处理浓度下美人茭叶片中LAS含量低;10和100mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量基本在0.1～0.5 mg.L-1之间,1000 mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量持续上升,达到2.0～3.0mg.L-1,且LAS含量在第28d比第7d时高54.0%(p0.05).与单纯的土壤环境相比,茭白-土壤系统能够更有效地降低土壤中LAS含量.     

东太湖茭草植被改造实验研究

东太湖的茭草和浮叶植物有显著的加速湖泊淤积和二次污染效应。1993年开展了面积5ha的植被改造实验,当年剔除原有植物,培育成为沉水植被,平均生物量达3kg/m2。由茭草残体形成的腐殖层对沉水植物生长发育有不利影响,在实验区大部分面积上表层沉积物中TOC含量低于30％,沉水植物能正常生长;TOC含量超过30％时沉水植物生长较为缓慢。对东太湖46.6km2湖面上由茭草和浮叶植物组成的植被进行全面改造,可获得显著的环境生态效益,起到延缓湖泊衰亡和改善水质的作用。