城市复杂环境下涡度相关通量观测的适用性分析

利用涡度相关技术,于2008—2009年对北京325 m铁塔47 m、140 m和280 m高度处CO2和能量通量进行了观测.研究了涡度相关技术应用于城市环境通量长期观测中的理论问题和方法适用性.结果表明,平面拟合方法受地面建筑物的影响明显,不同的坐标旋转方法所计算CO2通量差异在15%以内,这种差异随着观测高度的增加而减小.稳态检验表明,城市环境下低质量的数据分布没有明显的日变化趋势.CO2通量在各自通量贡献区内明显受到平流输送的影响,47~140 m之间的平流约占140 m日累计CO2通量的33%.白天对流混合,污染物浓度梯度很小,垂直平流不大,水平平流占据了平流输送的绝大多数,夜间水平平流和垂直平流则具有相同量级.     

二维平流扩散模型下的集合卡尔曼滤波模拟同化研究

为提高环境数值预报水平,构建了一个针对污染物扩散的模拟数据同化系统。采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法对二维平流扩散模型的状态变量进行了实时校正,实现污染物浓度的实时模拟预报,完成了敏感性实验中集合数目变化、观测方差变化和同化窗口长度变化研究。比较考察观测点位置与污染源距离不同时的预报效果,探讨了优化条件下的同化策略,提出一种根据距离远近动态调节卡尔曼增益权重的方法。在集合数目较小时,可降低计算代价,得到优化的同化效果。     

Environmental Persistence of Chemicals

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.008 Background The hazard criterion of persistence as it applies to chemicals in the environment is reviewed and discussed. This quantity can not be measured directly in the environment, thus it must be estimated using models that synthesise information on chemical half-lives and partitioning properties, the nature of the environment and how the chemical is released into the environment. Main Features It is suggested that the preferred criterion is the average residence time of the chemical in the environment, i.e. conceptually the sum of the life-times of all molecules (attributable only to losses by degrading reactions) divided by the number of molecules. If all chemical fate processes are first order, this persistence is independent of the quantity of chemical introduced and whether introduction is steady- or unsteady-state in nature. It is shown that in a multimedia environment persistence is affected not only by degradation kinetics, but also by mode-of-entry and partitioning. For screening level purposes a Level II equilibrium model may be adequate but a Level III model is generally preferable for estimating the average persistence. If a distribution of persistences is required a dynamic Level IV model must be used. Discussion The implications for regulating chemicals on the basis of persistence are discussed. Conclusion It is concluded that the preferred strategy is to use Level II, III, and IV models and that the use of only degradation kinetics or media-specific half-lives can be misleading and uneconomical.     

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

A high-order splitting scheme for the advection-diffusion equation of pollutants

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Chaotic Behavior and Pollution Dispersion Characteristics in Engineered Tidal Embayments: A Numerical Investigation1

Abstract: This paper presents a numerical investigation of approaches to enhance the mixing and dispersion processes in tidal areas by effecting changes in the natural estuary system. It compares the impact of various estuary modifications stemming from human intervention to pollutant dispersion and chaotic flow within the estuary including the implications of alteration of the original channel shape, change of the channel bathymetry, and modification of the tidal signal. Our findings indicate that chaotic flow analysis is similar in many regards, but not all, to conventional dispersion analysis. Specifically, we conclude that (1) simplification of the flow regime reduces chaotic flow patterns and tracer particle dispersion, (2) creation of extensively protruding barriers and/or installation of barriers on opposite sides of the main stem of the estuary enhances particle dispersion and chaotic mixing, (3) installation of underwater berms has relatively minor beneficial, but highly localized, effects on chaotic regime and particle dispersion, and (4) increasing the tidal signal amplitude was shown to increase chaotic and dispersion properties of the estuarine system. A parametric study investigating the effect of several geometrical configurations and tidal signals on characteristics of chaotic flows concludes the paper.     

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

大辽河感潮河段水体交换的数值研究

基于FVCOM建立大辽河感潮河段的水动力-扩散数值模型,采用保守物质输运扩散法研究大辽河感潮河段在潮和径流作用下的水体交换特征。结果表明:径流是影响大辽河感潮河段水交换的主要因素,径流为114 m3/s条件下,半交换时间为226 h,587 h后达到90%的交换状态,且径流加倍,对应交换时间近似线性递减;子区域水交换差异由潮和径流的相互作用决定,径流越大,靠向上游河段水体交换得越快,径流减小时近河口区段水体交换变快,而中游河段交换变慢。     

二维平流输送问题的Euler-Taylor-Galerkin有限元方法及其数值实验

介绍了二维平流输送问题的Euler-Taylor-Galerkin(ETG)有限元方法,并进行了数值实验。笔者首先采用时间分裂技术将二维问题转化为一维问题,然后对每个一维问题应用ETG算法。为抑止在陡峭梯度区域附近出现的非物理振动和负值,使用了Forester的非线性滤波器。笔者采用余弦函数和高斯函数2种二维分布在一个纯旋转流场中输送的个例,研究了算法的性能并讨论了时间步长和空间网格分辨率对算法精度的影响。      

北京冬季雾日大气污染结构特征

运用激光雷达和大气污染监测网络观测了2007年2月北京地区2次平流雾大气污染过程. 通过分析雾生消过程中大气颗粒物消光性的垂直结构、地面大气污染物质量浓度的水平分布及其演变,研究了北京市雾日大气污染的空间结构特征. 结果表明:雾生成前及持续阶段大气扩散条件较差,污染积累明显,但高湿度雾能加速污染物的湿沉降,雾生成后污染会略有回落. 雾生成前后大气污染垂直分布变化显著,但静稳气象条件下,大气污染的水平分布受雾的影响较小. 相对湿度是影响雾日大气污染变化的重要因素,决定了污染物湿沉降量的大小. 在2007年2月21—22日的平流雾过程中,SO₂和NO₂浓度与雾生成前相比分别下降了56%与47%,湿沉降量分别为48.0和30.8 g/km2;而在25—27日的平流雾过程中,SO₂和NO₂湿沉降量分别为16.3和14.3 g/km2.