陆生植物化感作用的抑藻研究进展

有效控制水华,治理富营养化水体是目前环境领域的研究热点和前沿。所谓化感物质,就是由植物、细菌、病毒和真菌所产生的二次代谢产物。利用水生植物的化感作用或化感物质抑制水体中藻类的爆发被认为是一种高效、低毒、环境亲合性好的方法而备受关注。然而,对于陆生植物应用于抑制藻类生长的研究却较少。文章在对化感作用的概念的演化、各种生物对藻类化感抑制作用、化感物质抑藻机理等方面进行了较系统的论述,总结了近年来国内外学者对于陆生植物化感作用抑藻的研究进展。文章认为相对于水生植物在抑藻方面的局限性,陆生植物的优势体现在对水生生态系统影响明显（化感作用明显）、所含抑藻化感物质种类丰富、不易受水生生态环境影响等方面,并对今后陆生植物抑藻技术的研究方向进行了展望,陆生植物中尤其是菊科植物化感抑藻应用前景广阔。最后指出,陆生植物的化感抑藻作用研究还存在进一步探索和改进化感物质的提取和鉴定方法、抑藻作用机理的研究、应用实际水体时的生态安全性等方面的问题。     

大气CO2浓度增高对不同供氮水平下水稻生长和化感物质释放的影响

利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高(free air carbon-dioxide enrichment,FACE)平台中的水培试验,研究了低氮(LN:10 mg·L-1)和高氮(HN:30 mg·L-1)水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对化感与非化感水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种的生长、碳氮比(C/N)和化感物质含量的影响,并分析了CO2浓度升高条件下水稻C/N和化感物质含量间的相互关系.结果表明:CO2浓度升高对化感(PI)与非化感水稻品种(秀水)的生长均有极显著促进作用.CO2浓度升高后,LN条件下水稻C/N显著增加,HN条件下则无显著变化.CO2浓度升高后化感水稻品种次生代谢物质含量增加,特征化感物质含量增加,非化感品种的这种变化不显著.化感水稻品种C/N分别与次生代谢物质含量和特征化感物质含量之间呈显著正相关关系.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对短裸甲藻的抑制机制研究

为揭示化感物质邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)对短裸甲藻(Gymnodinium breve)的抑制机制,研究了DBP对短裸甲藻丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、亚显微结构、不同超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的影响.结果表明,DBP引起了细胞MDA的积累,3 mg.L-1的DBP处理组在72 h处出现最大值,为0.34μmol.(109cells)-1,是对照组的2.3倍;细胞膜出现大量突起,细胞内形成大量液泡,膜结构解体最终空洞、死亡.CuZn-SOD位于藻细胞质,在DBP影响下,活性升高,表明藻细胞质(包括细胞膜)内积累的ROS诱导了酶的活性;而位于线粒体的Mn-SOD活性降低,可能是由于ROS在线粒体内积累过度导致其失活,DBP可能通过作用于短裸甲藻线粒体和细胞膜,从而引起藻细胞氧化损伤,最终导致细胞空洞化死亡.该结果对赤潮化感抑制剂的实际应用具有理论指导作用.     

Allelochemical effects of ergoline alkaloids fromIpomoea parasitica onHeliothis virescens

Lysergol, elymoclavine and three other van Urk-positive alkaloids were identified by 2D chromatography in the seed extract ofIpomoea parasitica. The presence of the same ergoline alkaloids was also demonstrated in vegetative tissue ofI. parasitica. Heliothis virescens larvae reared on a diet containing an alkaloid extract ofI. parasitica showed an increase in the consumption index and a reduction in the effiency of conversion of food. No difference was observed in the approximated digestibility. The percentages of pupation and emergence were reduced and the malefemale ratio was altered in insects fed on a diet containing the alkaloid extract ofI. parasitica or lysergol. The increases in the concentration of ergoline alkaloids inI. parasitica at the seedling stage and at flowering support the theory that these compounds play a defensive role against herbivory in the plant.     

化感物质对小球藻抗氧化体系酶活性的影响

利用水生植物产生的化感物质抑制有害藻类是1种藻类控制新技术.研究了选择性抑藻化感物质EMA对蛋白核小球藻和普通小球藻抗氧化酶体系活性的影响.结果显示,化感物质浓度为0.25 mg/L时,2种藻类的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都高于对照组.但随着化感物质浓度的升高,蛋白核小球藻3种酶活性都逐渐下降,当化感物质浓度为4 mg/L时,SOD活性为0;而普通小球藻的酶活性随着化感物质浓度升高持续升高,都达到对照组的3～4倍.     

马尾松根化感物质的生物活性评价与物质鉴定

通过超临界流体萃取技术提取和分离马尾松根化感物质,并依据生物活性评价结果筛选抑制活性较强的组分进行物质鉴定.就总体而言,生物活性评价结果表明:非夹带剂萃取的马尾松根化感物质对马尾松种子的发芽势、胚根长、胚轴长及鲜物质重、干物质重具有不同程度的促进作用,而对发芽率则具有不同程度的抑制作用;夹带剂萃取的马尾松根化感物质对马尾松种子的发芽率、胚根长、胚轴长、鲜物质重及干物质重具有显著的抑制作用,而对发芽势则表现为促进作用;筛选出抑制活性较强组分的物质鉴定结果表明,非夹带剂萃取的马尾松根化感物质是α杜松醇、г杜松烯等,在夹带剂条件下,马尾松根化感物质是棕榈酸、叶绿醇等.图1表5参11     

Sex pheromone communication of tentiform leaf-miners <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllonorycter insignitella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ph. nigrescentella</Emphasis> from two related species groups

Summary.  Females of both species start their pheromone-releasing activity on the second day after emergence at the beginning of the photophase. During the present work, a peak of calling activity with close to 100% of active Ph. nigrescentella females was registered 1.5 hour after the light had been put on. The high pheromone release behaviour with 50% active females lasted for 3 hours. The calling activity of the group of females was about 6 h/day. The beginning of a photophase under laboratory conditions or an early morning in nature is a common period for sex pheromone release in the genus Phyllonorycter. (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8Z,10E-14:Ac), (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-ol (8Z,10E-14:OH) and (8E,10Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8E,10Z-14:Ac) in the ratio 96:4:traces as well as 8Z,10E-14:Ac and 8Z,10E-14:OH in the ratio 88:12 collected by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) were found to be specific for the calling periods of virgin Phyllonorycter insignitella and Ph. nigrescentella females respectively. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that all three compounds are important for the attraction of Ph. insignitella males while only 8Z,10E-14:Ac is the essential sex pheromone component for Ph. nigrescentella. The pheromone activity of all three compounds is reported for the first time. Addition of either 8Z,10E-14:OH or 8E,10Z-14:Ac to 8Z,10E-14:Ac did not have a significant effect on the attraction of Ph. nigrescentella males, while the efficiency of the three component blend was 5 times lower as compared to that of 8Z,10E-14:Ac. Our data demonstrate that 8Z,10E-14:OH and 8E,10Z-14:Ac play a dual function, they are minor sex pheromone components of Ph. insignitella essential for attraction of conspecific males and show an allelochemical, antagonistic effect on Ph. nigrescentella males and, thus, ensuring specificity of the mate location signal in two related Phyllonorycter species.     

典型植物化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果评价

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,从抑制率,有效剂量,起效时间,抑制时效和使用成本等方面评价了酚酸类,生物碱类,脂肪酸和酯类共13种化感物质的抑藻效应.结果表明,生物碱类物质对微藻生长的抑制效果最强,其抑制率（>80%）高达酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质的4~52倍,其抑藻时效也显著长于酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质.生物碱类物质中,血根碱具有最大饱和抑制率（>90%）,但其单位剂量的抑藻率[11%/（mg/L）]仅为白屈菜红碱,芦竹碱和小檗碱的16%,49%和63%;白屈菜红碱对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用最为灵敏高效,抑制铜绿微囊藻所需的最低剂量为0.2mg/L,最短时间为0.4d,且在2mg/L条件下便能维持7d以上的抑制时效.4种生物碱中,血根碱与白屈菜红碱的使用成本较高,超过芦竹碱和小檗碱的800倍.综合各项抑藻特性,植物化感物质的抑藻能力顺序前四为白屈菜红碱 > 小檗碱 > 血根碱 > 芦竹碱;抑藻成本顺序前四为：壬酸 < 芦竹碱 < 小檗碱 < PHBA.     

Algal-bloom control by allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes——A review

Algal-bloom control is an important issue for water environment protection as it induces several negative impacts on the lives of aquatic organisms, aquaculture, landscaping, and human health. The development of an environment-friendly, cost-effective, and convenient alternative for controlling algal bloom has gained much concern. Using the allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes as a novel and safe method for algal-bloom control is a promising alternative. This paper reviews the development and potential application about allelopathy of aquatic plants on algae, including the allelopathic research history, the potential research problems, the research methodology, and the reported aquatic macrophytes and their inhibitory allelochemicals. Potential modes of inhibition action of allelochemicals on algae, possible ways for application, and future development directions of research on algal-bloom control by aquatic macrophytes were also presented.     

Bioherbicidal activity of a germacranolide sesquiterpene dilactone from Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) is an invasive plant whose allelopathic properties have been suggested by its field behaviour and demonstrated through phytotoxicity bioassays. However, the nature of the molecules responsible for the allelopathic activity of common ragweed has not been explored. The main objective of this study was to identify the phytotoxic molecules produced by A. artemisiifolia. A preliminary investigation has indicated that a methanol extract of A. artemisiifolia completely inhibited the germination of cress and radish. Semi-preparative fractionation of the methanol extract allowed separating of phytotoxic fraction which contained a single compound. The structure of this compound was elucidated by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS, high-resolution mass spectral, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectra as sesquiterpene lactone isabelin (C₁₅H₁₆O₄). The effect of pure isabelin was tested on four different weed species, confirming the inhibitory activity of molecule. The results indicate directions for the future studies about herbicidal specific activity of isabelin, as pure molecule or in the crude extract, as a potential candidate for biological weed control.