CHEMISTRY OF COALBED METHANE DISCHARGE WATER INTERACTING WITH SEMI‐ARID EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the chemistry of Coalbed Methane (CBM) discharge water reacting with semi‐arid ephemeral stream channels in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The study area consisted of two ephemeral streams: Burger Draw and Sue Draw. These streams are tributaries to the perennial Powder River. Samples were collected bimonthly from three CBM discharge points and seven channel locations in Burger Draw and Sue Draw. Samples were also collected bimonthly from the Powder River above and below the confluence of Burger Draw. Before sample collection, the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in the field. Samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed for alkalinity, major cations, and anions. From the measurement of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), practical sodium adsorption ratio (SARp) and true sodium adsorption ratio (SARt) were calculated. Results suggest pH and EC of CBM discharge water was 7.1 and 4.3 dS/m, respectively. The CBM discharge water consisted of higher concentrations of sodium and alkalinity compared to other components. The pH of CBM discharge water increased significantly (p = 0.000) in the downstream channel of Burger Draw from 7.1 to 8.84 before it joined with the Powder River. Dissolved calcium concentration of CBM discharge water decreased significantly (p = 0.000) in the downstream channel water. Subsequently, SARp increased approximately from 24 to 29. The SARt also increased significantly (p = 0.001) in the downstream channel water. For instance, SARt of CBM discharge water increased from 32.93 to 45.5 downstream channels after the confluence of Sue Draw with the Burger Draw. The only significant difference in water chemistry above and below the confluence of Burger Draw with the Powder River was pH, which increased from 8.36 to 8.52. The significant increase in SAR values of CBM discharge water in Burger Draw and Sue Draw tributaries suggest a careful monitoring of salinity and sodicity is needed if CBM discharge water is used for irrigation in semi‐arid environments. Results discussed in this study will be useful to downstream water users who depend on water for irrigation.     

Streambank Soil and Phosphorus Losses Under Different Riparian Land‐Uses in Iowa1

Abstract: Phosphorus and sediment are major nonpoint source pollutants that degrade water quality. Streambank erosion can contribute a significant percentage of the phosphorus and sediment load in streams. Riparian land‐uses can heavily influence streambank erosion. The objective of this study was to compare streambank erosion along reaches of row‐cropped fields, continuous, rotational and intensive rotational grazed pastures, pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream, grass filters and riparian forest buffers, in three physiographic regions of Iowa. Streambank erosion was measured by surveying the extent of severely eroding banks within each riparian land‐use reach and randomly establishing pin plots on subsets of those eroding banks. Based on these measurements, streambank erosion rate, erosion activity, maximum pin plot erosion rate, percentage of streambank length with severely eroding banks, and soil and phosphorus losses per unit length of stream reach were compared among the riparian land‐uses. Riparian forest buffers had the lowest streambank erosion rate (15‐46 mm/year) and contributed the least soil (5‐18 tonne/km/year) and phosphorus (2‐6 kg/km/year) to stream channels. Riparian forest buffers were followed by grass filters (erosion rates 41‐106 mm/year, soil losses 22‐47 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 9‐14 kg/km/year) and pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream (erosion rates 22‐58 mm/year, soil losses 6‐61 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 3‐34 kg/km/year). The streambank erosion rates for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 101‐171, 104‐122, and 94‐170 mm/year, respectively. The soil losses for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 197‐264, 94‐266, and 124‐153 tonne/km/year, respectively, while the phosphorus losses were 71‐123, 37‐122, and 66 kg/km/year, respectively. The only significant differences for these pasture practices were found among the percentage of severely eroding bank lengths with intensive rotational grazed pastures having the least compared to the continuous and rotational grazed pastures. Row‐cropped fields had the highest streambank erosion rates (239 mm/year) and soil losses (304 tonne/km/year) and very high phosphorus losses (108 kg/km/year).     

Implementation of a windblown dust parameterization into MODELS-3/CMAQ: Application to episodic PM events in the US/Mexico border

Windblown dust is known to impede visibility, deteriorate air quality and modify the radiation budget. Arid and semiarid areas with unpaved and unvegetated land cover are particularly prone to windblown dust, which is often attributed to high particulate matter (PM) pollution in such areas. Yet, windblown dust is poorly represented in existing regulatory air quality models. In a study by the authors on modeling episodic high PM events along the US/Mexico border using the state-of-the-art CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE air quality modeling system [Choi, Y.-J., Hyde, P., Fernando, H.J.S., 2006. Modeling of episodic particulate matter events using a 3D air quality model with fine grid: applications to a pair of cities in the US/Mexico border. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5181–5201], some of the observed PM₁₀ NAAQS exceedances were inferred as due to windblown dust, but the modeling system was incapable of dealing with time-dependent episodic dust entrainment during high wind periods. In this paper, a time-dependent entrainment parameterization for windblown dust is implemented in the CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE modeling system with the hope of improving PM predictions. An approach for realizing windblown dust emission flux for each grid cell over the study domain on an hourly basis, which accounts for the influence of factors such as soil moisture content, atmospheric stability and wind speed, is presented in detail. Comparison of model predictions with observational data taken at a pair of US/Mexico border towns shows a clear improvement of model performance upon implementation of the dust emission flux parameterization.     

农村污染防治工作已迫在眉睫

针对目前农村经济发展过程中出现的主要环境问题,结合农村的实际情况,提出了解决农村环境污染问题的几项措施。并着重分析了规模化畜禽养殖业中的环境污染问题,提出了综合防治对策。     

发达国家（地区）农业现代化进程中农户与市场对接模式比较

通过对美国、日本、法国、我国台湾地区农户与市场对接模式的比较,发现依靠中间组织——农协、企业、农业合作组织等实现了农业流通现代化。基于此,结合我国农业现状和具体国情,提出从政府引导、农产品流通的组织建设、加强市场监管力度三个方面来实施我国农户与市场的对接,从而加快我国农业流通现代化进程和农业经济的可持续发展。     

粤桂水源地有机氯农药的污染特征及生态风险

利用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS)检测了粤桂水源地7个采样点水样中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度,分析了研究区OCPs的污染特征;利用BurrⅢ型分布构建了8种OCPs的物种敏感度分布曲线,并计算出不同OCPs对淡水水生生物的HC5(hazardous concentration for 5%species)值,最后应用安全阈值法评价了OCPs对水生生物的生态风险.结果表明,OCPs的浓度在6.64~34.19 ng·L~(-1)之间,平均值为16.76 ng·L~(-1),HCHs和DDTs及其降解产物在污染物中的贡献比例较大.HCHs主要来自家庭杀虫剂中的林丹,DDTs主要来自三氯杀螨醇的污染或历史残留.脊椎动物对OCPs的耐受性高于无脊椎动物,α-硫丹对水生植物和微生物的影响较大,p,p'-DDT对脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的影响较大.粤桂水源地OCPs对水生生物没有显著的生态风险,但DDTs和α-硫丹对水生生物存在较高的潜在风险,应加以重视.     

基于GIS的东辽河流域生态安全空间差异评价研究

生态安全建设是协调经济开发与生态保护的重要战略.区域生态安全评价与预警研究具有空间特性、非线性、随机性,研究过程中必须处理大量的空间信息,而空间分析和空间数据管理正是GIS的优势,它使各环境要素的分布态势及彼此间的拓扑关系一目了然,并且图文并茂地展示全流域的生态安全格局.在充分研究辽河流域生态环境状况基础上,选取东辽河流域11个县市区,借助GIS格网赋值技术,讨论了基于GIS的东辽河生态安全空间差异的评价方法.首先,拟定"压力-状态-响应"(P-S-R)指标体系,实地调查并收集资料;然后,数字化流域,运用模糊AHP法赋权并量化计算;最后,建立东辽河流域生态安全指数GRID数据库,进行GIS的空间Interpolate运算和Assembly分析.结果表明,公主岭市是生态安全区,约占全流域面积的10.78%;西丰市和东辽县是生态不安全区,约占流域面积的13.07%;其余8个地区为生态安全中等区,约占全流域面积的76.15%.评价结果与各地区现状生态环境评价基本-致.提出了相应的生态保护建议.     

生计多样性对农户参与农田生态补偿政策响应状态的影响——以上海闵行区、苏州张家港市发达地区为例

农田生态补偿政策是采用经济手段激励农户对农田生态系统服务功能进行保育和维护,解决因市场失灵造成生态效益外溢的一种有效方式,对于改善农田生态环境、提升农地开敞空间、增加农户收益具有积极作用。论文从发达地区农户生计多样性角度入手,利用结构方程模型分析农户生计多样性对农户参与补偿政策的支持意愿、政策实施效果响应的影响。结果表明:①农户基本特征、家庭特征、生计多样性特征、村庄发展特征在5%的水平下对农户在农田生态补偿政策上的支持意愿具有正向影响;②农户基本特征、家庭特征、生计多样性特征在5%的水平下对农户在补偿政策实施效果上的响应具有正向影响,农户村庄发展特征在5%的水平下对其具有负向影响;③农户生计多样性特征是影响农户补偿政策支持意愿最主要的因素,是影响补偿政策实施效果响应的次要因素。这表明补偿政策实施后,农户生计多样性特征对于提高农户对补偿政策支持意愿与政策实施效果响应方面具有积极的作用。把握三者之间的关系有利于政府制定和完善现有农田生态补偿政策,为引导农户生计多样性发展提供参考。     

长江口滨岸水和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征与生态风险评价

通过测定长江口滨岸9个典型采样点上覆水与表层沉积物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,分析其组成、时空分布特征及其影响因素,并进行了生态风险评价.结果显示,枯季上覆水中PAHs浓度高于洪季,平均浓度分别为1 988 ng/L和1 727ng/L;表层沉积物中的PAHs也为枯季高于洪季,平均浓度分别为1 154 ng/g和605 ng/g;Phe是水和沉积物中PAH的主要成分.温度是控制上覆水中PAHs季节性差异的主要因素,而有机碳(OC)与碳黑(SC)则控制着沉积物中PAHs的富集;长江口滨岸复杂的水动力条件与各种人类活动产生的污染物输入影响了PAHs的空间分布,在一定程度上也导致了河口滨岸PAHs来源的复杂性.生态风险评价结果显示,长江口滨岸水-沉积物间的PAHs在一定程度上可能对该区生物造成潜在不利影响.其中,上覆水中个别PAH化合物的浓度水平已达到欧美等国生态毒理评价标准或超过了美国EPA水质标准,BaP浓度超过了我国地表水环境质量标准的规定浓度;表层沉积物中部分PAH化合物的含量超过了ER-L值和ISQV-L值.     

基于农业自然风险综合评价的高标准基本农田建设区划定方法研究

大规模建设高产稳产、旱涝保收的高标准基本农田是当前土地整治的重要任务,论文从分析区域防灾减灾能力入手,将农业生产自然风险综合评价引入高标准基本农田建设区划定,在识别区域主要风险类型的基础上,应用可变模糊集理论,借助GIS 方法,划分综合风险等级,根据风险强度和整治可行性划定高标准基本农田建设区。结合对关中地区的实例分析,研究表明：①使用可变模糊集理论,综合考虑各单因子风险差异,可减少风险定量化的模糊不确定性;②综合风险由致灾因子危险性和承灾体脆弱性共同决定,风险评价结果可为筛选高标准基本农田建设适宜区提供依据;③综合风险等级、集中连片程度和整治潜力共同确定土地整治时序,可为划定高标准基本农田建设区和确定整治规划提供参考。