我国目前伤亡事故接连发生和难以遏制的致因是违背人类工效学原理

运用人类工效学的基本原理与方法。指出一些企业任意延长劳动工时，无视劳动保护和劳动保障。事故发生后对事故的分析不全面、不科学。是导致我国目前伤亡事故频频发生的致因。     

Vehicle-occupant deaths caused by tornadoes in the United States, 1900–1998

Abstract

Occupants of vehicles encounter an uncertain degree of risk during tornadic storms. The current National Weather Service guidelines suggest we abandon vehicles to lie in a ditch if no sturdy shelter is available. However, these guidelines were developed without the benefit of supporting research. As we are an increasingly vehicle-dependent society, it is important to explore the historical record of vehicle-occupant deaths to see if the National Weather Service guidance is appropriate. The objective of this paper is to investigate the number, distribution, and broad spatial and temporal trends associated with vehicle-occupant deaths that have occurred as a result of tornadoes, and to define the proportion of tornado-induced deaths that have occurred in vehicles.

There were 15,047 deaths caused by tornadoes from 1900 through 1998. Of those, 5685 occurred at a defined site, and 270 were known to have occurred in vehicles. The number of vehicle-occupant deaths, as a proportion of all site-known, tornado-induced deaths, was constant from 1959–1979, but decreased significantly between 1980–1998. The number of deaths was related to several influencing factors. Linear regressions and correlations were employed to determine the degree of relationship between the number of deaths and several explanatory factors. While population, number of vehicle registrations, and number of tornadoes all seemed to influence the number of deaths to some degree, the most significant factor to influence the number of deaths appeared to be vehicle safety features. Most vehicle-occupant deaths occurred during rare F4 tornadoes, when vehicles where thrown from roadways. Regionally, the Great Plains had the highest number of vehicle-occupant deaths from tornadoes.     

我国“十二五”期间生产安全死亡事故直接经济损失估算

对“十二五”期间发生的、已经公布的生产安全死亡事故报告进行检索,选择事故调查报告要素比较齐全、具有代表性的生产安全死亡事故219起进行直接经济损失统计分析,计算每死亡1个人造成的直接经济损失。建立以事故死亡人数测算全国生产安全死亡事故直接经济损失的计算模型,根据公开的年度生产安全事故死亡人数,估算全国年度生产安全事故直接经济损失。估算结果表明,“十二五”期间我国生产安全死亡事故直接经济损失达到4 651亿元,约占国内生产总值的0.16%,占全国财政收入的0.72%,生产安全死亡事故的直接经济损失巨大。     

Alcohol-impaired driving and its consequences in the United States: the past 25 years

INTRODUCTION: Progress in dealing with the alcohol-impaired driving problem in the United States during the past 25 years is addressed. METHODS: Trends in various measures of the problem were tracked and a thorough review of the relevant literature conducted. RESULTS: In the 1980s and continuing into the early 1990s, major decreases occurred in alcohol-impaired driving and its consequences. The contribution of alcohol to fatal crashes dropped by 35-40% during this period. Two primary reasons for the decline appear to be the emergence of citizen activist groups that mobilized public support and attention to the problem, and the proliferation of effective laws. Since about 1995 the alcohol-impaired driving problem has stabilized at a reduced but still quite high level. CONCLUSIONS: Highway safety organizations and citizen activist groups have continued to highlight the problem, but its status as a social issue has diminished. We basically know what the primary target groups are, and we know measures that would work to reduce the problem if implemented more fully. We know that political leadership, state task forces, and media advocacy are important ingredients in addressing the problem. It is likely that a resurgence in citizen activism will be necessary to foster these elements and refocus the nation on the unfinished battle against alcohol-impaired driving. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Alcohol-impaired driving is still a major problem that needs continuing attention.     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施效果评估及其对我国人均预期寿命的影响

2017年是我国实施《大气污染防治行动计划》（简称"《大气十条》"）的收官之年.为评估我国《大气十条》的环境效益,对中国环境监测总站提供的2013-2017年国家大气环境监测数据进行统计,分析可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）质量浓度的变化情况,并利用疾病负担法定量分析《大气十条》实施对人均预期寿命的影响.结果表明:①《大气十条》自2013年实施以来,我国大气环境质量明显改善,2017年全国338个地级及以上城市的ρ（PM₁₀）较2013年下降了22.7%,74个重点城市的ρ（PM_2.5）从2013年的72.2 μg/m3降至2017年的47.4 μg/m3.②疾病负担法分析结果显示,《大气十条》实施后,大气污染导致的人体健康损失有所降低,城市地区因PM₁₀或PM_2.5污染导致的过早死亡人数从2013年的52.1×104人降至2017年的43.9×104人.③基于2013-2017年大气污染导致的过早死亡人数分析结果,利用城市居民简略寿命表得出,《大气十条》促使我国城市地区人均预期寿命有一定增加,2017年比2013年增加0.16 a.④从数据准确性、方法科学性和结果合理性等方面,对芝加哥大学得出我国《大气十条》实施的人均预期寿命2017年比2013年增加2.4 a的结论进行了分析,认为其结果高估了大气污染对人均预期寿命的影响,夸大了大气污染对人体健康的影响程度.研究显示,我国《大气十条》实施的环境效益显著,对人均预期寿命有一定的正向效益.      

珠江三角洲地区大气污染对人群健康的影响

在珠江三角洲地区选取广州麓湖等16个典型站点,观测了珠江三角洲地区2006年大气污染物浓度.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区2006年PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3年日均浓度分别达到75,56,57,53,44μg/m3.搜集国内PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3暴露人群健康影响的流行病学研究资料,利用Meta分析方法获取我国人群大气污染物暴露对死亡健康结局影响的暴露-反应关系,并以珠江三角洲地区人群2006年大气污染物暴露浓度为基准,运用泊松回归模型评价珠江三角洲地区大气污染对人群的健康影响.     

An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths

The objective of this paper is to investigate and to improve understanding of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. A standardised method of classifying flood deaths is proposed and the difficulties associated with comparing and assessing existing information on flood deaths are discussed. Thirteen flood cases from Europe and the United States, resulting in 247 flood disaster fatalities, were analysed and taken as indicative of flood disaster deaths. Approximately two-thirds of the deaths occurred through drowning. Thus, a substantial number of flood disaster fatalities are not related to drowning. Furthermore, males are highly vulnerable to dying in floods and unnecessary risk-taking behaviour contributes significantly to flood disaster deaths. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent loss of life in floods. To provide a more solid basis for the formulation of prevention strategies, better systematic recording of flood fatalities is suggested, especially those caused by different types of floods in all countries.     

全国死亡百人以上事故统计分析

本文统计了1990～2005年我国死亡百人以上的事故。此类事故共计25起，总死亡人数4340人。此外，进一步分析了这些事故的类型、所属行业和发生时间等，找出了事故发生的规律。最后，对死亡百人以上事故的预防提出了对策建议。     

不同控制指标下的大气PM_(10)浓度对人群的健康影响——以2006年珠江三角洲地区为例

根据珠江三角洲地区16个典型站点2006年监测的PM10浓度数据,以珠江三角洲地区人群2006年PM10暴露浓度作为基准,采用泊松回归模型和寿命表方法,评价PM10浓度对人群健康影响.该区2006年PM10年均浓度达到73μg/m3,若所有监测城市PM10浓度达到国家二级标准(100μg/m3),成人(≥30岁)可避免死亡人数为2300人,人群平均期望寿命延长0.13a.当PM10年均浓度达到WHO推荐过渡指标值(70,50,30μg/m3)及指导值(20μg/m3)后,成人可避免死亡人数分别为8700,19700,32600,38500人;人群平均期望寿命分别延长0.47,1.1,1.9,2.3a.