营养盐水平对念珠藻胞外有机物产生的影响

以我国湖泊典型固氮蓝藻发状念珠藻(Nostoc flagelliforme)为研究对象,考察了氮、磷营养盐对发状念珠藻生长特性及其胞外有机物产生的影响.采用藻细胞浓度计数法表征发状念珠藻生长特性;分别采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)和紫外-可见光谱法,从总量和主要物质方面分析了发状念珠藻胞外有机物的产生规律.结果表明,在不同氮、磷营养水平下,发状念珠藻的4个关键生长时期基本相同,氮是控制发状念珠藻生长的关键营养控制要素;氮营养元素浓度的增高,有利于发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物,其产生量逐渐增大,而磷营养元素浓度的增高对胞外有机物产生量贡献较小,氮营养盐是发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物的关键限制因子;通过EEM谱图分析,发状念珠藻胞外有机物主要以类氨基酸类物质和类富里酸物质为主.以磷为控制营养盐时,类富里酸是主要的胞外有机物之一,以氮为控制营养盐时,类富里酸产生量极低;作为主要的胞外有机物,蛋白质和碳水化合物的产生规律显著不同,其中蛋白质含量显著高于碳水化合物含量.     

Evaluation of the aggressive potential of marine chloride and sulfate salts on mortars applied as renders in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador--Bahia, Brazil

In recent years, growing interest has focused on determining the performance of materials and evaluating the service life of structures exposed to various environmental forces. In this context, the determination of the aggressive potential of marine salts on mortars used as external renders is critical. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of marine salts relative to distance from the sea. This was done by monitoring the deposition rate of chlorides and sulfates in wet candle sensors, located at nine stations scattered around the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. The study also determined the effectiveness of water-soluble salts at penetrating three different types of mortars of varying cement content via deposition and diffusion. The methodology employed enabled an evaluation of the efficiency of the monitoring sensors' measurement of the aggressiveness potential of local marine aerosol, and determination of the comparative performance of the three mortars tested, from the standpoint of resistance to salt penetration. The type and amount of salts captured both in solution and in powder samples extracted from the mortars were determined by ion chromatography. The analysis of the various types of mortars tested indicated which types are more resistant to the aggressive potential of the region's marine aerosol and the distance from the shore where local buildings are liable to be most strongly affected.     

水热炭化餐厨垃圾制备纳米铁/炭复合材料

以餐厨垃圾中有机组分作为碳源,通过添加铁盐水热炭化制备铁/炭纳米复合材料。考察了不同铁盐(Fe-SO4,FeCl3,Fe(NO3)3)对餐厨垃圾水热炭化物的形貌,以及氮、磷元素的迁移转化的影响;并研究了负载铁的物理、化学性质。实验结果表明,铁盐在水热炭化过程中促进了餐厨垃圾转化生成多种纳米结构。铁的价态是影响复合物形貌的主要影响因素:三价铁离子对大分子有机物的水解和炭化过程有催化作用,从而促进壳核式结构的纳米线及微米球复合物的生成;而亚铁离子则导致可溶性有机物炭化形成空心纳米球结构。负载铁的化学形态主要受阴离子的影响:硝酸铁体系中铁主要以氢氧化物形式沉积、其他阴离子体系则以磷酸盐为主要形态负载。     

成都市城区大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征

为了解成都市城区大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征,在成都市城区四季采集PM2.5有效样品共计102个,测得颗粒物质量浓度以及水溶性离子质量浓度(NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、F-、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-),并分析其浓度变化特征,重点关注二次无机离子的污染特征及形成影响.结果表明,成都市城区水溶性离子与...     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

黄河三角洲人工草场群落土壤盐分动态集成预报模型及其应用

提出了以ＧＭ（１,１）模型拟合发展的趋势、傅里叶变换撮周期分量ＡＲ（ｐ）模型模拟随机过程的集成预报模型,并用于黄河三角洲人工草场群落土壤盐分的定量研究中,经理论和应用检验证明：该模型能以较高的精度模拟或预报土壤盐分在较长时期内的动态变化过程,方法简单,计算工作量小,并优于传统的单一预报模型。     

MBR在橡胶废水处理中的应用

橡胶废水具有含盐量高、色度高、有机污染成分含量高且难于生化降解等特点。膜生物反应器(MBR)技术的核心是生化处理加微滤膜过滤,通过将MBR技术应用于橡胶废水处理的实践表明,该技术对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率都达到了85%以上,再辅之以药剂处理后,降低了色度和难降解有机物含量,出水水质完全符合排放标准的要求,是一种解决橡胶污水处理难题的有效途径。     

碱法草浆黑液厌氧处理中钠的抑制作用

试验了烧碱法草浆黑液中，钠在厌氧过程中的抑制特性。研究表明，钠盐抑制作用强度为：氯化钠＞木素钠＞硫酸钠＞硅酸钠。相对产甲烷率ＰＭ（Ｉ）和钠浓度Ｉ的关系，可用ＰＭ（Ｉ）＝［１＋（Ｉ／Ｋｉ）＾ａ］＾－１拟合，污泥经过驯化，对钠的耐受能力可提高。     

典型农药废盐热处理特性及适用性

随着我国农药行业的迅速发展,农药废盐的管理和无害化处置已经成为亟待解决的环境问题.为了解决农药废盐热处理适用性的问题,推进废盐热处理工业化进程,选择盐城某企业典型农药废盐开展热重试验和动力学模型研究,分析废盐的热处理特性;基于热重试验和动力模型获取的优化参数,进一步利用管式炉模拟试验研究循环流化床焚烧炉处置废盐的可行性.结果表明:该农药废盐热解和燃烧的失重过程相似,在升温过程中一直处于缓慢失重状态,但均只有一个明显的失重阶段.其中,热解的失重阶段为170~298℃,700℃时减重率达到84.08%,燃烧的失重阶段为194~315℃,700℃时减重率达到81.45%,为了使废盐充分反应,根据热重结果确定热处理温度为350℃.热处理动力学分析表明,燃烧和热解在失重阶段反应机理相同,氧气的存在可以促进废盐的热处理过程,确定了热处理的组分为空气组分,该农药废盐属于低热值成分复杂的固体废物.在上述条件下,利用管式炉模拟试验进一步优化了废盐的热处理条件为温度350℃、停留时间45 min、空气组分、空气流量40 mL/min.对热处理后的残留物及烟气进行GC/MS分析发现,热处理法可有效降低废盐中有机污染物含量,烟气中有害物质以苯系物为主,含有少量氯苯及氯代烃类有机物.研究显示,经过管式炉热处理试验后,废盐中有机污染物的去除率达82.93%,可以有效降低有机污染物含量,从而验证了该类废盐热处理的适用性.      

非一阴离子表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶作用及无机盐的强化效果研究

文章研究了几种非离子和阴离子表面活性剂在单一或混合条件下对多环芳烃（PAHs）萘和菲的增溶作用,并分析了无机盐对表面活性剂增溶PAHs的强化效果.结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,非离子表面活性剂对菲和萘的增溶效果均高于阴离子表面活性剂,其增溶能力大小顺序为：Tween 80 ＞TX-100＞ Tween 20＞ SDS＞SDBS.将非离子与阴离子表面活性剂混合后,对萘和菲的增溶作用大于单一阴离子表面活性剂而小于单一非离子表面活性剂,且增溶效果随着非离子表面活性剂比例的增加而增大.低浓度（0.03 mol/L）的NaCl和Na2SO4可大幅度促进表面活性剂对萘和菲的增溶效果,但随着无机盐浓度的提高,对增溶效果的促进作用不明显.