Distribution,fate and formation of non-extractable residues of a nonylphenol isomer in soil with special emphasis on soil derived organo-clay complexes

Anthropogenic contaminants like nonylphenols (NP) are added to soil, for instance if sewage-sludge is used as fertilizer in agriculture. A commercial mixture of NP consists of more than 20 isomers. For our study, we used one of the predominate isomers of NP mixtures, 4-(3,5-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol, as a representative compound. The aim was to investigate the fate and distribution of the isomer within soil and soil derived organo-clay complexes. Therefore, ¹⁴C- and ¹³C-labeled NP was added to soil samples and incubated up to 180 days. Mineralization was measured and soil samples were fractionated into sand, silt and clay; the clay fraction was further separated in humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. The organo-clay complexes pre-incubated for 90 or 180 days were re-incubated with fresh soil for 180 days, to study the potential of re-mobilization of incorporated residues. The predominate incorporation sites of the nonylphenol isomer in soil were the organo-clay complexes. After 180 days of incubation, 22 % of the applied ¹⁴C was mineralized. The bioavailable, water extractable portion was low (9 % of applied ¹⁴C) and remained constant during the entire incubation period, which could be explained by an incorporation/release equilibrium. Separation of organo-clay complexes, after extraction with solvents to release weakly incorporated, bioaccessible portions, showed that non-extractable residues (NER) were preferentially located in the humic acid fraction, which was regarded as an effect of the chemical composition of this fraction. Generally, 27 % of applied ¹⁴C was incorporated into organo-clay complexes as NER, whereas 9 % of applied ¹⁴C was bioaccessible after 180 days of incubation. The re-mobilization experiments showed on the one hand, a decrease of the bioavailability of the nonylphenol residues due to stronger incorporation, when the pre-incubation period was increased from 90 to 180 days. On the other hand, a shift of these residues from the clay fraction to other soil fractions was observed, implying a dynamic behavior of incorporated residues, which may result in bioaccessibility of the NER of nonylphenol.     

土壤中镉的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评估

为了研究土壤中镉生物可给性与土壤属性之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤镉的风险,采集我国一些地区的16个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中镉的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险.结果表明,有11个土壤样品中镉的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准;土壤中镉的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,模拟胃和小肠液中镉的溶解态含量分别为0.05~20.71 mg.kg-1和0.03~11.99 mg.kg-1,平均值分别为1.81 mg.kg-1和1.06 mg.kg-1;模拟胃和小肠液中镉的生物可给性分别为6.37%~69.43%和3.19%~36.91%,平均值分别为25.34%和14.84%.模拟胃液中镉的溶解态含量与土壤pH有显著的相关性.如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中镉对儿童的PTW I贡献率除广西南宁的土壤为26.90%外,其它有11个土壤样品低于1.00%.如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中镉对儿童的PTW I贡献率最高为广西南宁的土壤达15.57%,另有4个土壤样品高于1.00%,其它都低于1.00%.可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中镉的对人体并没有很高的风险.但当土壤中镉含量较高,同时其具有很高的生物可给性,就会对人体健康产生很大的风险.