柴油汽车掺烧LPG降低黑烟排放技术

研究了柴油机掺烧液化石油气(LPG)以降低黑烟排放的技术方案，并开发出了一种以独特型板调节装置为特征的机械控制式柴油/LPG双燃料供给系统。发动机不改变原有结构加装该系统后即成为柴油/LPG双燃料发动机，可以同时燃烧柴油和LPG两种燃料，并且在整个工作范围内，随着工况变化能够按照预先优化设定的型板型线规律而自动调节柴油／LPG供给量比例，使烟度降低50％以上，同时满足经济性、动力性以及操作性能等要求，此外，也可以切换为单独燃烧柴油，而不改变发动机的原有性能。该系统结构简单、成本低廉，非常适合于改装城市在用公交车，降低其黑烟排放。     

Profile of PAHs in the Diesel Vehicle Exhaust in Delhi

A preliminary study to determine the profile of PAHs in the exhaust of diesel vehicles plying on Delhi roads was conducted. Two different types of diesel vehicles (buses and trucks) with different age groups were selected for sampling purpose. The concentration of Total PAHs (₁₂PAHs) was found to be 50.76 ± 6.62 and 57.72 ± 4.15 mg/g in the exhaust of buses and trucks, respectively. The levels of PAHs were found to be high in trucks as compared to that of buses. The total PAHs concentration in the present study was found to be higher as compared to other studies. Such a high concentration could be attributed to different parameters like the age of the vehicles, driving conditions, the fuel quality and the emission standards.     

In-vehicle Measurement of Ultrafine Particles on Compressed Natural Gas, Conventional Diesel, and Oxidation-catalyst Diesel Heavy-duty Transit Buses

Many metropolitan transit authorities are considering upgrading transit bus fleets to decrease ambient criteria pollutant levels. Advancements in engine and fuel technology have lead to a generation of lower-emission buses in a variety of fuel types. Dynamometer tests show substantial reductions in particulate mass emissions for younger buses (<10 years) over older models, but particle number reduction has not been verified in the research. Recent studies suggest that particle number is a more important factor than particle mass in determining health effects. In-vehicle particle number concentration measurements on conventional diesel, oxidation-catalyst diesel and compressed natural gas transit buses are compared to estimate relative in-vehicle particulate exposures. Two primary consistencies are observed from the data: the CNG buses have average particle count concentrations near the average concentrations for the oxidation-catalyst diesel buses, and the conventional diesel buses have average particle count concentrations approximately three to four times greater than the CNG buses. Particle number concentrations are also noticeably affected by bus idling behavior and ventilation options, such as, window position and air conditioning.     

公交车基于不同燃油的实际道路排放性与燃油经济性

使用便携式车载排放测试系统测试了2辆国VI公交车和2辆国III公交车燃用不同燃料的实际道路排放特性和经济性.结果表明,相比于燃用京VI车用柴油,国VI公交车燃用B5生物柴油(柴油中掺混5%生物柴油)的CO比排放降低了33.1%,NO_x比排放增加了15.6%,颗粒物数量(PN)比排放降低了13.1%.4辆公交车燃用B5生物柴油的CO排放因子较京VI车用柴油平均降低了29.5%,NO_x排放因子增加了12.7%,PN排放因子降低了9.1%.通过对CO_2的分析发现,燃用B5生物柴油的排放因子较燃用京VI车用柴油增加了11.3%,运用碳平衡计算方法计算油耗,并考虑燃油密度的影响,结果发现,燃用B5生物柴油的百公里油耗较燃用京VI车用柴油增加了11.51%,相差较大,后续需深入研究油品热值等其他理化指标对燃油经济性的影响.     

国Ⅳ公交车实际道路排放特征

满足国Ⅳ标准的公交车已被广泛用于北京等大城市,为了评价其相对于国Ⅲ公交车的实际减排效果,使用PEMS(车载排放测试系统)测试了4辆装有SCR(选择性催化还原)系统的国Ⅳ公交车和1辆国Ⅲ公交车在实际运行条件下的污染物排放并进行对比. 结果表明:相对于国Ⅲ公交车,装有SCR系统的国Ⅳ公交车在实际运行工况下有效降低了污染物排放,CO、THC和PM分别比国Ⅲ限值降低了60.8%、94.2%和86.2%;但由于实际运行工况中排气温度较低,致使SCR系统效率偏低,只有一辆国Ⅳ公交车NO_x排放低于国Ⅲ限值,其他3辆车的NO_x排放分别比国Ⅲ限值高187.3%、228.7%和157.3%. 国Ⅳ混合动力车的CO₂、CO和PM排放比常规动力车分别降低了42.9%、48.8%和89.5%,但NO_x排放反而增加了112.1%. 实际运行工况下,测试车辆只有12.7%的工况点分布在A转速(1478r/min)以上;而ETC工况中在A转速以上的工况点占整个循环的80.5%, 造成了满足ETC等型式认证的车辆在实际工况下NO_x排放偏高. 因此,需要对公交车的实际排放进行有效监督.      

Effect of fuel composition and engine operating conditions on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of heavy-duty diesel buses

Emissions from 12 in-service heavy-duty buses powered by low- (LSD) and ultra low-sulfur (ULSD) diesel fuels were measured with the aim to characterize the profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exhaust and to identify the effect of different types of fuels on the emissions. To mimic on-road conditions as much as possible, sampling was conducted on a chassis dynamometer at four driving modes, namely: mode 7 or idle (0% power), mode 11 (25% power), mode 10 (50% power) and mode 8 (100% power). Irrespective of the type of fuel used, naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were found to be the dominant PAHs in the exhaust emissions of the buses. However, the PAH composition in the exhausts of ULSD buses were up to 91±6% less than those in the LSD buses. In particular, three- and four-ringed PAHs were more abundant in the later than in the former. Lowering of fuel sulfur content not only reduced PAH emission, but also decreased the benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BAP_eq) and hence the toxicity of the exhaust. Result from multicriteria decision-making and multivariate data analysis techniques showed that the use of ULSD afforded cleaner exhaust compositions and emissions with characteristics that are distinct from those obtained by the use of LSD.