稀土作业者外周血淋巴细胞姊妹染色单体互换的观察

本文报告了 5 0例稀土作业工人外周血淋巴细胞姊妹染色单体互换 (SCE)的观察结果 ,其 SCE频率为 5 .49± 1.2 1(SCE/ cell,X SE) ,与 2 0例对照组相比 ,差异显莉 (P<0 .0 1)。随工令的延长 ,SCE频率为增高的趋势 ,但各工令组之间 ,经统计学处理 ,差异不显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。男工 SCE率高于女工 ,这可能与男工吸烟人数多于女工有前。我们认为 :SCE可作为稀土作业人员早期危害观察指标     

Detection and isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood using the flourescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)

The presence of fetal cells in the maternal circulation during pregnancy has been suggested by repeated observations of small numbers of cells containing Y chromatin or a Y chromosome in the blood of pregnant women. With the fluorescence-activitated cell sorter (FACS), we have used antibodies to a paternal cell surface (HLA) antigen, not present in the mother, to select fetal cells from the lymphocyte fractions of a series of maternal blood samples, collected as early as 15 weeks of gestation. These sorted cells have been examined for a second paternal genetic marker, Y chromatin. Y chromatin-containing cells were found among the sorted cells from prenatal maternal blood specimens in 8 pregnancies subsequently producing male infants whose lymphocytes reacted with the same antibodies to paternal antigen used for sorting with the FACS. In each of 17 pregnancies resulting in male infants who failed to inherit the antigen detected by the antibodies used for cell sorting, Y chromatin-containing cells were not found prenatally. The use of two paternal genetic markers, a cell surface antigen and nuclear Y chromatin, to identify fetal cells in maternal blood permits us to conclude that these cells are present in the mother's circulation, as early as 15 weeks gestation. Further development of the techniques reported here could lead to widespread screening of maternal blood samples during pregnancy for detection of fetal genetic abnormalities.     

Minute chromatin structures in cells of amniotic fluid—an interpretative dilemma

Single copies of tiny chromosome fragments, appearing either as single or as double minutes, were observed in a high frequency in amniotic fluid cultures of five mothers who underwent prenatal testing because of advanced age. In four cases, the minutes had arisen de novo. The minutes were later confirmed in fetal skin following termination of pregnancy in one case; in another, in cord blood following the birth of a normal boy; and in the third, in peripheral blood of a normal 3-year-old girl. In the fourth case, the minutes were not confirmed in cord blood following the birth of a normal boy. A follow-up chromosome study of the baby boy in the fifth case was not possible but the minutes were maternally transmitted.     

急性镉染毒对河南华溪蟹精子质量的影响

采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了镉(Cd2+)对河南华溪蟹(Sinopatamon henanense)精子质量的影响.实验设置了5个Cd2+浓度组(7.25、14.5、29、58和116 mg·L-1)和1个空白对照组,在2个染毒时间(5d和7d)采用特异性的荧光染料和流式细胞术(FCM)对精子成活率、膜完整性、顶体完整性及染色质结构进行了测定.结果显示,随着Cd2+浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,精子的成活率下降,质膜和顶体缺失率上升,异染色质所占比率上升.在Cd2+浓度为58、116 mg·L-1条件下暴露5d后,精子成活率显著降低(p ＜0.05);Cd2+浓度为116 mg·L-1时,精子质膜完整性和染色质结构均有明显的损伤;而顶体状态在Cd2+浓度为29 mg·L-1时就呈现显著的损伤(p＜0.01).在Cd2+浓度为29、58、116mg·L-1条件下染毒7d后,精子成活率、质膜完整性和顶体完整性降低;在所有的染毒组,DNA结构受到了显著的破坏.结果表明,Cd2+暴露对华溪蟹精子质量有明显的影响.     

Biochemical and histopathological ultrastructural changes caused by ZnO nanoparticles in mice

Five week-old mice were divided into a vehicle control group, and groups exposed to ZnO nanoparticles at low (0.5 g/kg), middle (1 g/kg), high (3 g/kg), and exceptionally high-dose (5 g/kg). After the first, second, third, and fourth weeks’ of exposure, blood biochemistry, histopathology, and electron microscopic ultrastructural changes in liver, kidney and spleen were investigated. Increased alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in all treated mice being statistically significant at higher dose. No changes were observed in the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and lipid levels. During the first and second weeks of the treatment, effects on the cytoarchitecture of liver, kidney, and spleen were not perceived while during the third and fouth weeks of treatment sporadic mild effects were seen. Ultrastructural electron microscopic changes in liver, kidney, and spleen were not observed for the low-dose group on the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, suggesting that exposure to ZnO nanoparticles at low dose is safe. Long-term (i.e., more than 28 days) exposure to the exceptionally high-dose resulted in sporadic changes in nuclear chromatin condensation, irregular nuclear membrane, polymorphic mitochondria, mitochondrial swelling, and vacuolation. ZnO nanoparticles could be well tolerated and no death occurred in any group of treated mice.     

Chromium binding by calf thymus nuclei and effects on chromatin

1. No binding of chromium was detected after incubation of calf thymus nuclei with hexavalent chromium up to 0.5 mM.

2. Chromium was readily taken up and tightly bound after incubation with trivalent chromium.

3. In a DNA‐filter binding assay, increasing amounts of chromium and DNA were bound with increasing chromium trichloride concentrations incubated with the nuclei.

4. Treatment with proteinase K abolished the increase in DNA retention induced by trivalent chromium.

5. It is concluded that trivalent chromium is the ultimate genetoxic agent after chromate uptake by living cells.