Influence of new town development on the urban heat island - The case of the Bundang area

Five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area since 1996. However, these new towns generate lots of traffic and related problems in the areas including those new towns and Seoul as a result of increases in population and a lack of ecological-self-sufficiency. Currently, construction of another new town is under deliberation, and what should be a major consider is the notion that the new town be located within a wide, green zone. Many studies have revealed that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological capability and air quality. In order to analyze the urban heat island which will be created by the new urban development, and to investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by a change of land use type and urbanization, Landsat TM images were used for extraction of urban surface temperature according to changes of land use over the last 15 years. These data are analyzed together with digital land use and topographic information. As a study result, it was found the urban heat island of the study area from 198.5 to 1999 rapidly developed which showed a difference of mean temperature above 2.0. Before the Bundang new town construction the temperature of the residential area was the same as a forest, but during the new town construction in 1991 analysis revealed the creation of an urban heat island. The temperature of a forest whose size is over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, and thus the presence of a forest is believed to have a direct cooling effect on the urban environment and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial areas in the study was found to be 4.5 higher than the forest, and therefore this part of land use is believed to be the main factor causing the temperature increase of the urban heat island.     

全球环境变化与全球不平等南北方的不同立场

全球环境变化给发展中国家和南北关系带来深刻影响，理解环境问题的全球不平等需要以发展中国家80年代开始的经济结构调整和沉重债务为背景。南方的环境政策优先在很大程度上与其生活的可持续性相连，而不是通常与全球环境变化的长期性风险相关，然而，全球环境变化又与发展中国家贫困人口的日常生活紧密相关。从南方的立场看，当“问题”对他们不十分迫切时，就很难同意采取措施，仅此原因，北方对全球环境变化的关切要得到成功回应，真正的全球契约就需要解决基本“发展”问题，主要是贫困。     

土与结构相互作用体系振动台模型试验数值模拟研究(英文)

运用土与结构动力相互作用 (SSI)有限元三维分析软件 SASSI2 0 0 0对一个土与结构动力相互作用体系振动台模型试验进行了模拟计算。对振动台模型试验作了简单的介绍 ,并详细叙述了试验的建模方法。对于试验中的刚性地基和柔性地基条件 ,El- centro波、Taft波和 5 0年超越概率为 10 %的南京人工波等三种地震波输入 ,三个加速度峰值水平 0 .1g、0 .2 g、0 .3g及两个水平向地震波输入的各种组合工况均进行了计算。在数值计算中 ,假设地基土为覆盖于基岩上的半无限粘弹性水平成层土 ,采用等效线性模型考虑土的动力非线性的影响 ;上部结构用三维杆系有限元单元模拟 ,楼板用四结点壳单元模拟 ,每个结点有三个平动自由度和三个转动自由度 ,模型试验中所施加的人工质量均匀分布于壳单元上 ;基础视为平板基础 ,用八结点块体单元模拟 ,每个结点有三个平动自由度。将试验结果与计算结果进行对比较 ,结果表明 :计算所建立的模型较好地模拟了相互作用体系在地震荷载下的反应性状 ,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好 ,SSI效应对结构地震反应有很大影响     

Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

滑坡灾害快速反应系统

滑坡灾害快速反应系统由滑坡知识、受灾体和救灾指挥3部分组成.其中每一部分都包括一个完整的体系,并有评价指标描述.该系统的实现主要依靠滑坡数据库、动态仿真模拟和抢险救灾预案技术的支撑.     

Food Security in Complex Emergencies: Enhancing Food System Resilience

This paper explores linkages between food security and crisis in different contexts, outlining the policy and institutional conditions needed to manage food security during a crisis and to rebuild the resilience of food systems in periods of relative peace. The paper reviews experiences over the past decade of countries in protracted crisis and draws lessons for national and international policy. It assesses the different alternatives on offer in fragile countries to address, for example, the disruption of institutional mechanisms and the decreasing level of support offered by international donors with respect to longer-term expectations. It proposes a Twin Track Approach to enhance food security resilience through specific policies for protracted crises that link immediate hunger relief interventions with a long-term strategy for sustainable growth. Finally, the article analyses policy options and the implications for both short- and longer-term responses vis-à-vis the three dimensions of food security: availability; access; and stability.     

考虑应变速率影响的混凝土重力坝非线性地震响应分析

通过引入应变速率、损伤变量以及刚度退化指标等参数,建立了应变率相关的混凝土弹塑性损伤模型。运用该模型对某重力坝厂房坝段分别就率相关及率无关两种情况进行了三维非线性地震响应时程分析。深入研究了混凝土应变速率等相关特性对结构动力响应的影响。结果表明,应变速率对混凝土的力学性能有一定的影响,随着应变速率的增加,坝体结构的变形减小,主拉应力有所提高,应变能有所减小以及开裂损伤有一定的降低。所得结论对混凝土重力坝的震害研究有一定的参考价值。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) deposition to and exchange at the air-water interface of Luhu, an urban lake in Guangzhou, China

Urban lakes are vulnerable to the accumulation of semivolatile organic compounds, such as PAHs from wet and dry atmospheric deposition. Little was reported on the seasonal patterns of atmospheric deposition of PAHs under Asian monsoon climate. Bulk (dry + wet) particle deposition, air-water diffusion exchange, and vapour wet deposition of PAHs in a small urban lake in Guangzhou were estimated based on a year-round monitoring. The total PAH particle deposition fluxes observed were 0.44-3.46 μg m⁻² day⁻¹. The mean air-water diffusive exchange flux was 20.7 μg m⁻² day⁻¹. The vapour deposition fluxes of PAHs ranged 0.15-8.26 μg m⁻² day⁻¹. Remarkable seasonal variations of particulate PAH deposition, air-water exchange fluxes and vapour wet deposition were influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological parameters. The deposition fluxes were predominantly controlled by the precipitation intensity in wet season whereas by atmospheric concentration in dry season.     

响应曲面法优化絮凝处理木薯淀粉废水

采用中心复合实验设计和响应面分析法研究复合絮凝剂聚合氯化铝锌(PAZC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝处理木薯淀粉废水,进行设计和分析,以溶液pH值和絮凝剂用量为考察因素,分别以COD、浊度去除率为考察指标,选用最佳优化数学模型描述考察指标和考察因素之间的数学关系,并以设定PAZC和PAC对COD去除率(65%),浊度去除率(90%)和SS去除率(90%)的目标值,通过等高线叠加图预测最优实验条件,得到PAZC投量为6.5 mg/L,pH为7.7时,COD去除率和浊度去除率分别达到最大为76.6%和99.9%;PAC投量为19.2 mg/L,pH为7.8时,COD去除率和浊度去除率最大值分别为64.4%和97.1%。经对最优条件进行验证,预测值与验证实验平均值接近。     

基于几何参数的优化对双层柱面网壳结构动力性能的影响

以双层柱面网壳为研究对象,采用参数化设计语言APDL对AN SY S进行二次开发,实现了任意跨度双层柱面网壳的自动建模、加载、施加约束及求解。借此平台对柱面网壳结构进行模态和地震反应分析。首先,分析了结构自振特性随几何参数变化的特点,研究了结构的基频随矢跨比和网壳厚度的变化规律,结果表明,当矢跨比在1/3.6~1/5该范围内,结构的整体刚度较大;网壳厚度在1.8~2.1 m时,网壳整体刚度较大;对于矢跨比一定的网壳,随着厚度的增加,杆件的动内力大多增加,横向弦杆的二维与单维动内力比值有所增加,而纵向弦杆的二维与单维动内力则变化不大。然后,对网壳进行不同几何参数下的地震反应分析,给出了最大节点位移和最大杆件轴应力随几何参数变化的时程响应曲线,揭示了这类网壳的地震反应特点。