Safety assessment of the film boiling chemical vapor infiltration (FB-CVI) process through a system-theoretic accident model and process (STAMP)

Film boiling chemical vapor infiltration (FB-CVI) is considered as one of the fastest process methodologies for manufacturing carbon-carbon (C–C) composite products and possesses various advantages compared to conventional methodologies. However, there are safety concerns associated with this process for large-scale manufacturing, mainly owing to the intrinsic nature of the precursor and the process conditions. Considering the multifunctional interactions of the various systems during the process, a system-theoretic process analysis (STPA)/system theoretic accident model and process (STAMP) model is used to perform a safety analysis of the hazardous states of the FB-CVI process at the system level. As a case study, the FB-CVI process equipment employed for the manufacturing of C–C composites is considered. The safety constraints present in the system are assessed for adequacy through a hazard analysis by STPA/STAMP. The analysis through STPA/STAMP demonstrated the capability to create proactive strategies for the design and realization of process equipment that can be employed to manufacture C–C composite products through the FB-CVI process.     

Study on Assessing Economic Vulnerability of Small Island Regions

The main purpose of this study is to assess economic vulnerability of small island development regions as part of their sustainability constraints. By combining economic and environmental time series data, we assessed a composite index of economic vulnerability which is constructed from three exogenous variables, namely economic exposure, economic remoteness, and economic impact of environmental and natural disasters. We used the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan as the case studies for this paper.The results indicated that using a gross island products based valuation index, Kikaijima is the most vulnerable island in the Amami Islands with a composite economic vulnerability index (CEVI) value of 0.678, while by using a per capita based index, Okinoerabujima is considered the most vulnerable island with a CEVI value of 0.680. From the results we also revealed that smaller islands have relative higher vulnerability than the bigger one, which also confirms some previous country-level vulnerability studies.However, it is matter of fact that some islands that have relatively high vulnerability also have good economic performance as shown by their per capita income. In this regard, it can be argued that the success of these small islands could have been achieved in spite of and not because of their inherent vulnerability conditions as an indicator of sustainability constraint. Regarding these findings, we also examined a comparison between vulnerability results and the preliminary concept of an island's resilience in order to capture another perspective on sustainability assessment in a small island region.     

Acceleration of floc-water separation and floc reduction with magnetic nanoparticles during demulsification of complex waste cutting emulsions

Waste cutting emulsions are difficult to treat efficiently owing to their complex composition and stable emulsified structure. As an important treatment method for emulsions, chemical demulsification is faced with challenges such as low flocs–water separation rates and high sludge production. Hence, in this study, Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to enhance chemical demulsification performance for treating waste cutting emulsions under a magnetic field. The addition of MNPs significantly decreased the time required to attain sludge–water separation and sludge compression equilibrium, from 210 to 20 min. In addition, the volume percentage of sludge produced at the equilibrium state was reduced from 45% to 10%. This excellent flocculation–separation performance was stable over a pH range of 3–11. The magnetization of the flocculants and oil droplets to form a flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composite, and the magnetic transfer of the composite were two key processes that enhanced the separation of cutting emulsions. Specifically, the interactions among MNPs, flocculants, and oil droplets were important in the magnetization process, which was controlled by the structures and properties of the three components. Under the magnetic field, the magnetized flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composites were considerably accelerated and separated from water, and the sludge was simultaneously compressed. Thus, this study expands the applicability of magnetic separation techniques in the treatment of complex waste cutting emulsions.     

过硫酸钠缓释材料的释放性能及其对2, 4-二硝基甲苯的降解效果

针对原位化学氧化技术修复土壤和地下水时氧化剂因释放过快而导致的利用率低等问题,通过熔化成型法制备过硫酸钠缓释材料,分析石蜡、硅砂和过硫酸钠不同配比对材料成型度和释放性能的影响,研究缓释过程中溶液pH的变化,探讨其在水溶液中的缓释行为及其对2,4-二硝基甲苯（2,4-DNT）的降解效果.结果表明:当固定过硫酸钠质量为6 g、硅砂质量为18 g、蜡砂比（石蜡、硅砂质量之比）为1:4~1:8时,过硫酸钠缓释材料成型度适中,且过硫酸钠的累积缓释量随着时间的延长而逐渐增大,第31天时过硫酸钠累积释放百分比为74.67%~88.40%,可实现过硫酸钠的持续可控释放.当硅砂质量为18 g、蜡砂比为1:1~1:6时,过硫酸钠累积释放百分比随着过硫酸钠质量的增加而增大,且溶液中的pH呈先降低后上升的变化规律.缓释材料缓释前后实物图和显微镜分析结果显示,过硫酸钠缓释材料的释放是一个由外到内、速率由快变慢最终趋于平稳的过程.过硫酸钠质量为12 g、硅砂质量为18 g、蜡砂比为1:4的缓释材料对2,4-DNT具有较好的降解效果,第16次置换浓度为0.2 mg/L的2,4-DNT水溶液时,2,4-DNT的降解率为56.38%.研究显示,改变制备材料的配比可有效实现缓释材料中过硫酸钠的缓慢释放及对污染物的有效降解,可为原位化学氧化修复土壤和地下水提供理论支撑.      

新型防腐涂层对直升机典型结构材料防护性能研究

目的研究新型防腐涂层对直升机典型结构用铝合金及复合材料在热带海洋性气候环境下的防护性能,并与原防护涂层进行对比。方法通过测试涂层腐蚀后的形貌、光泽度、色差、电化学阻抗等,对比新/原涂层对直升机典型结构用铝合金和复合材料的防护性能。结果经过2年腐蚀后,新涂层表面无明显变化,而原涂层表面有轻微腐蚀,光泽度和色差下降较大。电化学阻抗测试表明,暴露前后涂层结构无明显变化,涂层阻抗值呈现持续下降的趋势,但是原涂层阻抗下降更快。结论新涂层对直升机典型铝合金和复合材料有更好的防护性,更加适于海洋性环境的使用。     

包装箱用碳纤维增强复合材料贮存寿命研究

目的研究碳纤维增强复合材料贮存条件下的性能变化趋势和寿命评估。方法对碳纤维增强复合材料开展四个不同温度条件下的热氧老化试验,按试验周期定期取样开展冲击性能测试,对试验数据采用寿命预估方法进行处理,对材料性能进行预估。结果通过数据计算分别得到我国热带海洋、干热沙漠等典型气候条件下的碳纤维增强复合材料贮存寿命分别为17.21~35.89年。结论碳纤维增强复合材料具有较好的贮存性能,在较为严酷的热带海洋气候和给定的失效判据条件下,寿命预计为17.21年。试验和数据处理方法可以较好地预计材料的性能变化趋势和开展寿命评估。     

Fulvic acid removal by nanoparticle TiO2 using a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor

The degradation of fulvic acid（FA） by nanoparticle TiO2 in a submerged membrane photocatalysis（SMPC） reactor was studied. In this reactor, photocatalytic oxidation and membrane separation co-occured. The continuous air supplier provided O2 for the photocatalytical reaction and mixed the solution through an airflow controller. The particle TiO2 could automatically settle due to gravity without particle agglomeration so it could be easily separated by microfiltration（MF） membrane. It was efficient to maintain high flux of membranes. The effects of operational parameters on the photocatalytic oxidation rate of FA were investigated. Results indicated that photocatalyst at 0.5 g/L and airflow at 0.06 m^3/h were the optimum condition for the removal of fulvic acid, the removal efficiency was higher in acid media than that in alkaline media. The effects of different filtration duration on permeate flux rate of MF with P25 powder and with nanoparticle TiO2 were compared. Experimental results indicated that the permeate flux rate of MF was improved and the membrane fouling phenomenon was reduced with the addition of nanoparticle TiO2 catalyst compared with conventional P25 powder. Therefore, this submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor can faciliate potential application of photocatalytic oxidation process in drinking water treatment.     

海水环境下玻璃纤维增强复合材料力学性能演化规律研究

目的 研究海水环境下海流能发电机组叶片用玻璃纤维复合材料力学性能的变化规律.方法 在实验室内通过海水浸泡试验、拉伸试验、弯曲试验以及剪切试验,测定叶片用玻璃纤维树脂基复合材料的吸水特性,以及在人工海水介质中各项力学性能参数的演变规律.结果 随着浸泡时间的增加,玻璃纤维树脂基复合材料吸水率先逐步增大、后趋于稳定,总吸水率约0.075％.抗拉强度呈先降低、后提高、又降低的趋势,抗拉强度最高可超过1100 MPa,最小值约为940 MPa.弹性模量和弯曲强度呈逐渐降低的趋势,弹性模量降幅约9.5％,弯曲强度降幅约为30％.弯曲模量变化起伏不定,变化幅度在15％以内.材料剪切强度呈先增大、后降低的趋势,最小值为189 MPa,较初始值高10 MPa.剪切模量呈先降低、后提高的现象,在浸泡28 d时,剪切模量最小,为16.4 GPa.结论 玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料经过长期海水浸泡后,拉伸及抗剪切性能略有降低,但降幅不大,抗弯性能下降明显,需要在叶片结构设计和强度计算时,充分考虑抗弯性能衰减的负面影响.     

镀液循环流量对封闭循环电沉积Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响

目的 研究封闭式镀液循环装置中不同镀液循环流量对Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响规律,优化镀液循环流量参数.方法 以Q235管状工件为待镀基体,以添加SiC颗粒的改良瓦特镀液为母液,在自主研发的封闭式镀液循环电镀装置中以0.3、0.5、0.7 m3/h的镀液循环流量于管件内壁制备Ni-SiC复合镀层,通过SEM检测、XRD测试、硬度测试和摩擦磨损性能测试等手段,对各Ni-SiC复合镀层宏微观形貌、厚度、成分、结构、硬度和耐磨性进行分析研究.结果 在0.5 m3/h流量条件下,镀层厚度为32.98μm,SiC颗粒含量为15.37％,镀层晶粒尺寸和硬度分别为10.84 nm和704HK0.245,该条件下制备的Ni-SiC复合镀层具有最佳耐磨性,摩擦系数为0.41,体积磨损率仅2.83×10–5 mm3/Nm.结论 在不同镀液循环流量参数下,采用该封闭式循环电镀装置,均可制得均匀完整的Ni-SiC复合镀层.随镀液循环流量的升高,镀层厚度和SiC颗粒体积含量均降低,镀层颜色金属光泽增强,镀层晶粒尺寸先减小、后增大,镀层硬度则先升高、后降低.     

纳米TiO_2-CS微球光催化降解亚甲基兰的研究

将用化学方法改性后的纳米TiO2与壳聚糖(CS)共混,通过反相悬浮、交联制备了纳米TiO2-CS微球光催化剂,以亚甲基兰为对象,紫外灯为光源,研究了亚甲基兰的初始浓度、光照时间、不同pH值、纳米TiO2的含量、催化剂用量对亚甲基兰光降解率的影响。结果表明:纳米TiO2-CS微球能显著地降解亚甲基兰,且易于回收、能重复使用,为其实际应用提供了有价值的参数。