裂变径迹定年方法的研究现状及存在的问题

简要介绍了裂变径迹定年的分析方法 ,实验技术 (包括单矿物分选、制片、抛磨、蚀刻及径迹测量技术 )的研究现状、存在的问题及发展趋势     

Last Glacial mammals in South America: a new scenario from the Tarija Basin (Bolivia)

The chronology, sedimentary history, and paleoecology of the Tarija Basin (Bolivia), one of the richest Pleistocene mammalian sites in South America, are revised here based on a multidisciplinary study, including stratigraphy, sedimentology, geomorphology, paleontology, isotope geochemistry, and ¹⁴C geochronology. Previous studies have indicated a Middle Pleistocene age for this classic locality. We have been able to obtain a series of ¹⁴C dates encompassing all the fossil-bearing sequences previously studied in the Tarija Basin. The dated layers range in age from about 44,000 to 21,000 radiocarbon years before present (BP), indicating that the Tarija fauna is much younger than previously thought. Glacial advances correlated to marine isotopic stages (MIS) 4 and 2 (ca. 62 and 20 ka BP, respectively) are also documented at the base and at the very top of the Tarija–Padcaya succession, respectively, indicating that the Bolivian Altiplano was not dry but sustained an ice cap during the Last Glacial Maximum. The results of this multidisciplinary study enable us to redefine the chronological limits of the Tarija sequence and of its faunal assemblage and to shift this paleontological, paleoclimatological, and paleoecological framework to the time interval from MIS 4 to MIS 2.     

抚仙湖沉积物重金属垂向分布及潜在生态风险评价

基于环境放射性核素210Pbex和137 Cs计年法确定抚仙湖北、中和南部三个沉积物柱芯的沉积年代,分析了各个柱芯近150年的重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Pb)的垂向分布特征,并用潜在生态风险指数法进行了潜在生态风险分析。结果表明,抚仙湖不同湖区沉积物重金属的垂向分布存在明显差异,其中Zn、As和Pb呈现整体向上增加的趋势,Cr和Cu分别呈现微波动变化和下降趋势。重金属元素之间相关性表明Zn、As和Pb具有较好的同源性,而Cr和Cu来源不同。重金属元素与营养盐TP之间呈较好的相关性,与TN和TOC则相关性较差或无相关性存在。潜在生态风险指数评价显示近150年来抚仙湖不同湖区沉积物重金属污染水平差异明显,其中北部和南部As是主要的生态风险贡献因子,而中部Cu是主要的生态风险贡献因子。抚仙湖中部和南部沉积物重金属总体处于中等生态风险,而北部沉积物重金属由中等上升为较高生态风险出现在20世纪90年代末期。     

江西星子镇沙岭沙山顶部一处红色砂层的粒度分析及释光年代研究

鄱阳湖作为我国最大淡水湖,其周边分布若干沙山。此前研究多认为这些沙山为风成堆积的产物。选取星子镇沙岭沙山顶部（吴淞高程约58.3 m）一处红色砂层（含泥质团块）为研究对象,开展粒度分析和释光测年,以进一步揭示其形成环境和年代。粒度结果为：（1）以中粗砂为主;（2）粒度分选性差;（3）频率分布曲线显示该红色砂层包含多峰;（4）概率累积曲线显示该红色砂层包含1个推移组分、2个跃移组分和4个悬移组分;（5）萨胡判别公式值均>-2.74。之后,对红色砂层下伏泥层、红色砂层和红色砂层上覆黄色砂层开展石英单颗粒释光测年,其年代分别为：(24.7±2.1) ka、(24.0±2.4) ka和(22.4±3.9) ka。研究表明该红色砂层虽然形成于MIS2阶段,但其不是干旱环境下的风成沉积砂层。     

Distribution of radionuclides in the guano sediments of Xisha Islands, South China Sea and its implication

Several natural and anthropogenic radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra and ¹³⁷Cs) in guano-phosphatic coral sediments and pure guano particles collected from Ganquan, Guangjin, Jinqing and Jinyin Islands of the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea, were analyzed. The Constant Initial Concentration (CIC) model and the Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model were applied for age calculation. The average supply rate of ²¹⁰Pb was 126 Bq m⁻² a⁻¹, very close to the flux of northern hemisphere average (125 Bq m⁻² a⁻¹). The activities of anthropogenic radionuclides in the sediments were very low, indicating that human nuclear tests did not notably impact this region. The main source of radionuclides in the sediments was from atmospheric precipitation, and the organic matter derived from plant and produced by nutrient-rich guano could further enhance them.     

Degassing of H/He, CFCs and SF6 by denitrification: Measurements and two-phase transport simulations

The production of N₂ gas by denitrification may lead to the appearance of a gas phase below the water table prohibiting the conservative transport of tracer gases required for groundwater dating. We used a two-phase flow and transport model (STOMP) to study the reliability of ³H/³He, CFCs and SF₆ as groundwater age tracers under agricultural land where denitrification causes degassing. We were able to reproduce the amount of degassing (R² = 69%), as well as the ³H (R² = 79%) and ³He (R² = 76%) concentrations observed in a ³H/³He data set using simple 2D models. We found that the TDG correction of the ³H/³He age overestimated the control ³He/³He age by 2.1 years, due to the accumulation of ³He in the gas phase. The total uncertainty of degassed ³H/³He ages of 6 years (± 2 σ) is due to the correction of degassed ³He using the TDG method, but also due to the travel time in the unsaturated zone and the diffusion of bomb peak ³He. CFCs appear to be subject to significant degradation in anoxic groundwater and SF₆ is highly susceptible to degassing. We conclude that ³H/³He is the most reliable method to date degassed groundwater and that two-phase flow models such as STOMP are useful tools to assist in the interpretation of degassed groundwater age tracer data.     

年轻地下水定年研究综述

将环境示踪技术用于地下水定年以确定地下水的相关时间尺度问题在过去几十年中得到了长足发展,尤其是在年轻地下水定年方面。目前国内外用到的年轻地下水环境示踪剂有多种,这些示踪剂在地下水定年方面各有利弊。本文的目的是对国内外现有的9种年轻地下水示踪剂(3 H、3 H/3 He、4 He、35S、36 Cl/Cl、85 Kr、222 Rn、CFCs和SF6)的来源、示踪原理、误差来源、优缺点、适用性和应用现状等进行归纳和总结,为研究者、管理者和决策者在应用时提供参考。     

贵州梵净山九龙池沉积物14C年代学研究及全新世碳累积速率变化

放射性碳同位素加速器质谱（ASM¹⁴C）测年法是湖泊沉积物定年的主要方法,并且是全新世年代学研究的热点。随着对全新世古气候与环境变化研究的深入,选取不同介质定年可能对年代模型的准确性造成误差,进而影响到气候指标的解译。本文选取贵州东北部梵净山九龙池沉积物中树枝、树叶、树皮、种子等植物残体和全样有机质作为测年介质,利用ASM¹⁴C进行定年。结果表明,相比全样有机质,使用植物残体定年可以在一定程度上避免碳库效应的影响。但相比于原位沉积且生长年限较短的叶片,树枝的定年结果偏老,不是一种理想的定年介质。另外,根据定年结果及总有机碳含量重建了全新世九龙池的碳累积速率,发现碳累积速率可以指示该地区亚洲夏季风强度的变化历史。     

Chlorophenols in lake bottom sediments: A retrospective study of drinking water contamination

Lake and brook bottom sediments were analyzed for chlorophenols to provide historical data of exposure assessment, after the water intake plant of a Finnish village had been found to be contaminated in 1987, and subsequently elevated non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk was detected. Highly elevated 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol levels were found in all four lake sediment cores investigated. The distribution was uneven with much higher concentrations in the estuary, in contrast to PCB compounds which were more evenly distributed within the basin. The inlet origin of the chlorophenols in the sediments was further supported by the regional distribution pattern of these compounds in the sediment and water along transects of the inlet and its tributaries. The composition of chlorophenol congeners in the sediments was similar to that in a commercial fungicide used by a local sawmill, but different from other sediment analyses reported in Finland, also implying a local source. Dating of three cores by Pb-210 and soot ball chronology indicated that the contamination of the watercourse started in the early 1970s at the latest but possibly earlier. This would provide the latency time required for tumour appearance in the 1970s and 1980s.     

长江三角洲晚第四纪陆-海交互地层的光释光年代学

长江三角洲地层的年代学研究对探讨晚第四纪以来我国东部沿海地区陆海交互作用历史以及海岸地貌的形成与演化具有重要价值。本研究选择长江三角洲YZ07和EGQD14两支钻孔开展系统光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年研究,总结前期已发表的50个年代数据并收集整理该区域相关钻孔的年代地层资料,探讨在可靠的年代框架约束下晚第四纪长江三角洲沉积地层演变特征,取得了以下几点认识：（1）在长江三角洲地区,常规OSL测年以较细石英颗粒OSL测年效果较为理想;对粗颗粒石英,若存在长石包裹体对石英OSL信号的影响,建议用脉冲释光测年（POSL）技术加以解决。（2）以YZ07孔为例,¹⁴C测年和OSL测年结果对比表明在三角洲海岸地区,¹⁴C测年方法建立的年代地层框架需要谨慎对待,建议在此区域开展年代地层学研究时可以尝试将两种测年方法结合使用,以确保年代地层框架的准确和可靠。（3）针对争议较大的氧同位素3阶段（MIS3）沉积环境问题,EGQD14孔给出了新的年代学证据,认为MIS3阶段（约30?—?50 ka）长江三角洲可能是陆地河流相沉积环境为主导,这也得到了区域相邻的几支钻孔沉积记录的佐证。（4）两支钻孔从年代学角度证实了前人关于末次盛冰期（Last Glacial Maximum,LGM）以来长江三角洲发育下切河谷的沉积学判识和地层学论断。此外,多钻孔的年代地层学特征也验证了全新世时段海平面变化控制下的长江三角洲及海岸演变的时空动态。