湖北省巴东县城信陵镇泥石流的形成条件与发展趋势

本文论述湖北省巴东县城信陵镇泥石流的形成条件和成因类型,采用危险度判别泥石流发育因素的强弱,并用权系数分析再次爆发泥石流的因素.     

Preoptimal analysis of phase characteristic indicators in the entire process of coal spontaneous combustion

To accurately predict the development degree of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC), the CSC process was investigated using a programmed high-temperature-heating experimental system, and the variation law of index gas concentration in the holistic process of CSC and oxidation is formulated. Additionally, the accuracy of the experimental system was evaluated using experimental design for thermal analysis, and the correlation between gas index and apparent activation energy was determined using grey correlation analysis. The results indicated the following. In the critical temperature stage (0–100 °C), φ(CO)/φ(CO₂) should serve as the main index and C₂H₄ should serve as the auxiliary index; in the crack-active-speedup temperature stage (100–260 °C), CO and φ(C₂H₄)/φ(C₂H₆) should serve as the main index and R₁, the Graham index, and φ(C₂H₄)/φ(CH₄) should serve as auxiliary indexes; in the speedup-ignition temperature stage (260–370 °C), R₂ and the Graham index should serve as main indexes and φ(CO)/φ(CO₂), C₂H₄, and R₁ should serve as auxiliary indexes; in the ignition temperature (370–500 °C), R₃ should serve as the main index and R₂, the Graham index and C₂H₄ should serve as auxiliary indexes. Among them, the grey correlation degrees among the Graham index, Grignard fire coefficient, and apparent activation energy were the highest, reaching 0.91.     

并联三自由度运动平台动力学分析

本文由三自由度并联机构的结构入手,介绍了一种一平移两转动的三自由度运动模拟平台,此平台通过改变三个可伸缩的支撑杆的长度来实现模拟平台的特定位姿。应用拉格朗日方程建立动力学模型,分析了机构的结构参数与驱动力的关系,为机械结构设计提供了依据。     

不同退化程度羊草草原碳收支对模拟氮沉降变化的响应

2009~2010年,选择内蒙古温带典型草原区2个不同退化程度羊草群落为研究对象,利用小区模拟控制试验,设置0g·(m2·a)-1(CK)、10 g·(m2·a)-1(MN)这2个氮处理水平,模拟研究了大气氮沉降水平变化对植物净初级生产力(NPP),土壤呼吸(Rs)以及整个群落碳收支(NEE)的定量影响,比较了不同退化程度草地群落NEE对等量氮添加的响应差异.结果表明,对于轻度退化羊草草原(样地A),MN处理生长季平均地上生物量(AGB)两年分别比CK增加21.5%及46.8%,而对于中度退化羊草草原(样地B),氮添加在2009年降低了植物AGB及地上NPP(ANPP),在2010年则表现为正效应;两年氮添加均增加了样地A与样地B的根系生物量(BGB)以及样地B的地下NPP(BNPP),但降低了2010年样地A的BNPP;氮输入增加并未明显改变Rs的时间变化规律.与CK处理相比,样地A的MN处理两年土壤微生物呼吸年累积通量较CK分别增加了14.6%与25.7%,而样地B则分别降低了10.4%与11.3%;样地A与样地B两年均表现为大气的碳汇,碳汇强度(以碳计)分别为59.22 g·(m2·a)-1与166.68 g·(m2·a)-1以及83.27 g·(m2·a)-1与117.47 g·(m2·a)-1.相对于CK,样地A两年碳汇增加量分别为15.79 g·(m2·a)-1与82.94 g·(m2·a)-1,样地B分别为74.54 g·(m2·a)-1与101.23 g·(m2·a)-1,单位氮输入量在初始氮水平低的草地群落能获得更大的增汇效应.     

农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性评价--以湖南鼎城区为例

农业旱灾的形成是降水不足、不均与农业生产系统脆弱性共同作用的结果,脆弱性的高低会起到"放大"或"缩小"灾情的作用.本文以湖南鼎城区为例,通过分析该区旱灾致灾因子的特点,确定旱年年型的划分标准及对气象资料进行统计,发现该区干旱的季节性特点是秋旱比夏旱多、比夏旱严重.在此基础上,分析轻旱、中重旱、极重旱不同干旱程度下灾情形成过程及其与承灾体脆弱性的关系,构建了不同的脆弱性评价指标体系,并以不同干旱程度的旱年为实例进行评价.结果表明鼎城区承灾体脆弱性的分布有一定的区域性,其脆弱度高低排序为西北山岗地区、南部低山及丘陵区、中部平原及山岗地区、东北部河湖及平原区,与实际灾情的分布规律基本一致.通过分析不同干旱程度下各区脆弱度的形成和变化原因,提出了具有针对性的降低农业旱灾脆弱性的具体措施.     

福建省经济－资源－环境系统协调发展的演化分析研究

借助协调度理论,运用熵值法、回归分析法、模糊数学隶属度函数构建福建省ERE系统协调发展评价体系,采用数理统计方法和模型,从时间序列的角度对福建省14年来经济、资源、环境协调发展现状进行定量衡量并探讨系统间的发展机制。研究结果表明：①2000年－2013年经济、环境子系统发展迅速,发展水平高,资源子系统的发展滞后于经济、环境子系统,呈现不稳定的波动增长态势;②福建省ERE系统协调度发展是一个内部子系统协同交互、螺旋升降的自组织动态演化过程;③资源系统对经济系统的响应和反馈非常明显,资源掣肘成为制约福建省发展的主要因素,因此,提高资源系统发展水平,提高经济发展的质量是今后福建省发展的关键。     

山区县域土地利用生态友好性评价原理、方法及实践

实施生态友好型土地利用战略应当是"环境友好型社会"建设的基本内容和最佳切入点之一。在探讨山区土地利用生态友好性评价原理、指标体系和评价方法基础上,构建了山区土地利用生态友好性程度分级系统及定量的划分标准,以推进山区土地利用生态友好性评价的定性与定量相结合。以云南省为实例,以县级行政区为评价单元,对该省县域土地利用生态友好性程度进行了定量测算,评定了全省126个县的土地利用生态友好度等级。结果表明,云南省目前土地利用生态友好度(D_EF)平均值只有48.01,属"不友好"级。全省约2/3的县目前在土地利用生态友好性上表现为"不友好"和"很不友好"级,其中1/5以上的县份表现为"很不友好"。尤其以滇东北中山山原区生态友好性程度为最低,各县生态友好度(D_EF)值均低于40,均属"很不友好"级;滇东南喀斯特中低山区的生态友好性程度亦较低。     

有限元分析在三轴六自由度振动系统设计中的应用

简要说明了三轴六自由度振动试验系统建设的现状、意义和主要内容,介绍了虚拟振动试验技术的发展和作用,并通过应用案例阐述了虚拟振动试验技术在三轴六自由度振动试验系统建设上的应用,结果表明虚拟振动试验技术对六自由度振动试验系统的设计优化具有重要的支持作用.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.