Alterations in plasma electrolyte levels of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to acidic pH

The impact of acidification (Low pH 5.0) on plasma electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was studied for a 35 day (long term) exposure period, while control groups were maintained at neutral pH (7.3). During long-term (35 days) exposure periods, plasma K⁺ and Mg²⁺ levels were increased (77.8% and 16.0%) in the low pH (5.0) treated fish. On the other hand, plasma Na⁺, Cl^?, and Ca²⁺ levels were decreased (12.4%, 18.4% and 31.3%, respectively). The loss of plasma Na⁺, Cl^?, and Ca²⁺ indicates the displacement of Ca²⁺ from tight junctions. The increased plasma K⁺ ion might have resulted from acidosis, because intracellular K⁺ is released from muscle as H⁺ enters. The elevated level of plasma Mg²⁺ might be due to inhibition of active transport of magnesium across the kidneys resulting in the accumulation of this ion in the plasma. Ionic alteration takes place upon exposure to acidic pH and can be considered as a potential tool for detecting environmental stresses caused by acidification.     

水中C60纳米颗粒的稳定性研究

以两种C60纳米颗粒悬浮液为对象,研究贮存时间、pH、电解质和有机物等因素对其稳定性的影响.结果表明,溶剂替换法制备的C60纳米颗粒(C60/son)稳定性优于延时搅拌法(C60/aq),可长时间保持稳定;pH升高可使C60纳米颗粒稳定性增强;电解质投加可使C60纳米颗粒的|ζ|减小、粒径增大,促进凝聚的发生;水中C60纳米颗粒凝聚过程可分为慢速凝聚和快速凝聚两个阶段,符合经典胶体稳定性(DLVO)理论.C60/son的临界凝聚浓度:NaCl 321 mmol·L-1、KCl 316 mmol·L-1、MgCl29.6 mmol·L-1和CaCl26.7 mmol·L-1,C60/aq的临界凝聚浓度:NaCl 295 mmol·L-1、KCl 278 mmol·L-1、MgCl27.8 mmol·L-1和CaCl25.9 mmol·L-1,均远高于其在天然水体中的浓度;腐殖酸存在可通过空间位阻效应显著增强水中C60纳米颗粒的稳定性,这表明C60纳米颗粒可稳定存在于典型的水环境中.     

天然有机物和电解质对水中 C60凝聚行为的影响

以富勒烯(C60)纳米颗粒稳定悬浮液为对象,采用动态光散射技术研究了天然有机物和电解质对其在水中凝聚行为的影响.结果表明,采用甲苯溶剂替换法制备的稳定悬浮液中C60浓度为20 mg·L-1左右,表面呈较高的电负性,粒径在120 nm左右,具有较强的稳定性.投加简单电解质可通过压缩双电层机制使其发生凝聚,并符合经典的胶体稳定性(DLVO)理论.Mg Cl2和Ca Cl2的临界凝聚浓度分别为9.6 mmol·L-1和6.7 mmol·L-1.腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)存在时,投加Na Cl和Mg Cl2可使C60颗粒间有效碰撞概率及凝聚反应速度降低,临界凝聚浓度提高;HA可通过增大C60颗粒间的空间位阻效应,抑制凝聚反应发生,提高其在水中的稳定性.但Ca2+可与HA间发生络合反应,并对C60纳米颗粒产生吸附架桥作用,导致凝聚速度大幅提高,强化凝聚反应发生.水中C60纳米颗粒的凝聚和分散行为将受到有机物性质和电解质种类等复杂因素的影响.     

腐殖酸对水中多壁碳纳米管凝聚特性的影响

以多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)稳定悬浮液为对象,研究了腐殖酸(HA)对水中MWNTs凝聚特性的影响.结果表明,采用SDS超声分散法制备的MWNTs稳定悬浮液具有较强的稳定性,投加电解质可通过压缩双电层机制使其发生凝聚,并符合经典的DLVO理论.HA存在时,可通过增大MWNTs颗粒间的空间位阻效应和亲水性,抑制凝聚反应发生,从而提高其在水中的稳定性.Ca2+可与HA发生络合桥联作用,导致MWNTs颗粒粒径的大幅提高,强化凝聚发生.水中MWNTs的分散和凝聚性质将受到有机物性质和电解质种类等复杂因素的影响.     

典型碳纳米材料在水中的凝聚特性比较

以富勒烯(C₆₀)和多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)纳米颗粒悬浮液为对象,采用动态光散射技术对比研究了电解质、有机物等环境因素对其在水中凝聚和稳定性的影响.结果表明,电解质存在下,可通过压缩双电层作用使水中碳纳米材料发生凝聚反应,凝聚过程均符合经典的胶体稳定性(DLVO)理论;MWNTs较C₆₀稳定性弱、更易凝聚;两种纳米颗粒悬浮液对应的Na⁺、Mg²⁺ 和Ca²⁺的临界凝聚浓度均远高于其在天然水体中的含量.Na⁺和Mg²⁺凝聚体系中,腐殖酸(HA)可通过空间位阻作用抑制凝聚发生,且对C₆₀的抑制作用更强.HA可与Ca²⁺发生络合,强化纳米颗粒凝聚反应,并对MWNTs具有更强的强化凝聚作用.不同碳纳米材料和环境因子存在着不同的相互作用关系,将影响其在水中的稳定性.     

Alterations in serum electrolyte levels after dimethoate exposure and recovery in the freshwater air-breathing catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Dimethoate, a moderately toxic insecticide, has a wide range of agricultural and domestic applications. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate has anticholinesterase activity. Fish are non-target organisms, inadvertently exposed to pesticides and their metabolic products. The present study includes short-term (96 h) and long-term (36 d) effects of dimethoate exposure on some serum electrolytes Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Pi in the freshwater air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The concentration of dimethoate for short-term exposure was 2.24 mg L^?1 (75% of 96 h LC₅₀) and for long-term exposure 0.75 mg L^?1 (25% of 96 h LC₅₀). The study includes the recovery pattern in serum electrolytes after placing the fish in pesticide-free water. Fish show hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia after short-term and long-term exposure to dimethoate. When placed in pesticide-free water, these electrolytes exhibit recovery towards normalization, indicating significant (p < 0.05) recovery.