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1.
Bunge Michael Khknen Mika A. Rmisch Winfried Opel Matthias Vogler Susanne Walkow Fred Salkinoja-Salonen Mirja Lechner Ute 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):3-10
Background, Aims and Scope Sediments of the Spittelwasser creek are highly polluted with organic compounds and heavy metals due to the discharge of untreated
waste waters from the industrial region of Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany over the course of more than one century. However, relatively
few data have been published about the chloroorganic contamination of the sediment. This paper reports on the content of different
(chloro)organic compounds with special emphasis on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), and chlorobenzenes. Existing concepts for the remediation of Spittelwasser sediment include
the investigation of natural attenuation processes, which largely depend on the presence of an intact microbial food web.
In order to gain more insight in terms of biological activity, we analyzed the capacity of sediment microflora to degrade
organic matter by measuring the activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes involved in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Furthermore, the detection of physiologically active bacteria in the sediment, particularly
of those known for their capability to reductively dehalogenate organochlorine compounds, illustrates the potential for intrinsic
bioremediation processes.
Methods PCDD/F and chlorobenzenes were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/flame ionization detection, respectively.
The activities of hydrolytic enzymes were determined from freshly sampled sediment layers using 4-methylumbelliferyl (MUF)
or 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-conjugated model compounds and kinetic fluorescence measurements. Physiologically active bacteria
from different sediment layers were microscopically visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Specific bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.
Results and Discussion The PCDD/F congener profile was dominated by dibenzofurans. In addition, the presence of specific tetra and pentachlorinated
dibenzofurans supported the assumption that extensive magnesium production was one possible source for the high contamination.
A range of other chloroorganic compounds, including several isomers of chlorobenzenes, hexachlorocyclohexane and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis
(p-chloro-phenyl)ethane (DDT), was present in the sediment. Activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes showed a strong
decrease in those sediment layers that were characterized by high contents of absorbable organic halogen (AOX), indicating
disturbed organic matter decay. Interestingly, an abnormal increase of cellulolytic enzyme activities below the organochlorine-rich
layers was observed, possibly caused by residual cellulose from discharges of sulfite pulping wastes. FISH revealed physiologically
active bacteria in most sediment layers from the surface down to the depth of about 60 cm, including members of Desulfitobacterium (D.) and Sulfurospirillum. The presence of D. dehalogenans was confirmed by its partial 16S rRNA gene sequence.
Conclusions Results of chemical sediment analyses demonstrated high loads of organochlorine compounds, particularly of PCDD/F. Several
years after stopping the waste water discharge to Spittelwasser creek, this sediment remains a main source for pollution of
the downstream river system by way of the ongoing mobilization of sediment during high floods. As indicated by our enzyme
activity measurements, the decomposition potential for organic matter is low in organochlorine-rich sediment layers. In contrast,
the comparably higher enzyme activities in less organochlorine-polluted sediment layers as well as the presence of physiologically
active bacteria suggest a considerable potential for natural attenuation.
Recommendations and Perspectives From our data we strongly recommend to explore the degradative capacity of sediment microorganisms and the limits for in situ activity towards specific sediment pollutants in more detail. This will give a sound basis for the integration of bioremediation
approaches into general concepts to reduce the risk that permanently radiates from this highly contaminated sediment.
Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Henner.Hollert@urz.uniheidelberg.de) 相似文献
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膜生物反应器中膜污染层胞外多糖性质及污染特征 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
胞外多糖是污水处理膜生物反应器中的重要膜污染物质,经醇析、Sevag法去除蛋白质、层析纯化、透析、冷冻干燥得胞外多糖样品。紫外光谱扫描鉴定该胞外多糖样品不含核酸及蛋白质,分别采用HPLC、GC、FT-IR及SEM等手段对其性质进行分析,考察其对聚偏氟乙烯膜的污染特征。结果表明,所得胞外多糖的重均分子量Mw为4.8×106,糖苷键类型主要为1-3和1-6型,是由葡萄糖、鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖等组成、具有高度分枝网状结构的杂多糖。胞外多糖膜污染过程受沉积层控制,膜的主要污染形式为胞外多糖在膜表面的沉积。 相似文献
5.
超声处理对剩余污泥的粒径和溶出物的影响 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
为了有效地发挥微型动物摄食对剩余污泥的减量作用,研究了超声声能密度和超声时间对剩余污泥的粒径和溶出物(蛋白质、多糖、DNA、COD及BOD)溶出的影响.在脉冲比2:1和超声时间10min的条件下,声能密度为0.2W·mL-1时出现一个污泥粒径变化的转折点,当小于转折点时污泥粒径随声能密度增加明显下降,而当大于转折点时污泥粒径几乎不受声能密度影响.在脉冲比2:1和声能密度0.8W·mL-1的条件下,超声时间5min是个转折点.上清液中溶出物的浓度随超声波声能密度或超声时间的增加而增加,各溶出物指标之间存在显著的相关关系.溶出物指标中蛋白质指标可以较好地反映出污泥破解状态.为了得到既能使污泥粒径变小到微型动物可摄食的程度又能使污泥中溶出物的溶出量最少的效果,建议声能密度或超声时间取上述转折点为限值.个数平均粒径(Dn)和重量平均粒径(Dw)分别反映了污泥的几何粒径变化和溶出物的溶出状况,因此,在超声破解污泥-微型动物摄食污泥的污泥减量工艺中可通过Dn和Dw的并用来决定剩余污泥超声处理的工艺参数. 相似文献
6.
Ⅰ Ⅱ-ASBR中厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及特性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在35℃下以奶粉人工合成废水为底物连续运行了两段厌氧反应器(ⅠⅡ-ASBR),且于ⅠⅡ两柱中形成了两种不同的厌氧颗粒污泥,为了解厌氧颗粒污泥的微生态结构及生物学特性,对ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥的形态及微生物组成进行扫描电镜观察,并测定了其不同基质中的比产甲烷活性、辅酶F420和胞外多聚物的含量。结果表明:ⅠⅡ-ASBR反应器ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥形态及微生物组成差异明显,Ⅰ柱的厌氧颗粒污泥大而密实,Ⅱ柱的较小,呈多孔的网状结构,Ⅰ柱中厌氧颗粒污泥以甲烷八叠球菌、球菌及短杆菌为主,丝状菌较少,Ⅱ柱则以丝状菌、短杆菌为主,球菌较少;Ⅰ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较高,利用乙酸的活性相对较低,Ⅱ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、乙酸的产甲烷活性较高,而利用甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较低;辅酶F420的含量Ⅱ柱比Ⅰ柱明显要高,而胞外多聚物含量Ⅰ柱比Ⅱ柱的高。 相似文献
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9.
《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2012,47(11):877-882
AbstractProblems related to weed management such as outbreaks of herbicide-resistant weeds have recently increased. An interesting approach to such problems is to use plant materials with phytotoxic activity. Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is a biennial herb belonging to Asteraceae and is cultivated in several countries. The present study investigated the phytotoxic activity of burdock and its active substances. Extracts of both burdock leaves and roots inhibited the shoot and root growth of cress and barnyard grass, where the level of inhibition increased with increasing extract concentration. The leaf extracts had 2.0–2.5 times higher activity than the root extracts. Bioassay-guided separations of the leaf extracts led to isolation of a phytotoxic substance, onopordopicrin. Onopordopicrin significantly inhibited the shoot and root growth of cress and barnyard grass. The concentrations of the substance required for 50% growth inhibition were 0.27 and 0.26?mM for cress shoots and roots, respectively, and 1.86 and 0.35?mM for barnyard grass shoots and roots, respectively. The present results suggest that burdock leaves have high phytotoxic activity and onopordopicrin may play a major role in the activity. Burdock leaves may be a good resource for weed management. 相似文献
10.
SRT对MBR污泥性质的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以浸没式膜-生物反应器(SMBR)处理模拟赖氨酸废水为研究体系,考察SRT在10、20和40 d条件下,SMBR中的胞外聚合物(EPS)组分和含量、污泥沉降性能和污泥相对疏水性等污泥性质的变化及其对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着SRT的延长,混合液中EPS总量呈递减趋势,TBEPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值呈上升趋势,污泥的沉降性能变差,相对疏水性增强;膜通量下降速率变大,膜污染加重。污泥性质与膜污染的相关性表明,膜污染与蛋白质和多糖的比值、污泥沉降性能和相对疏水性呈正相关关系,而与EPS呈负相关关系。 相似文献