乙醇汽油与普通汽油非常规污染物排放特性对比研究

在一台满足国Ⅴ排放标准的双喷射(气口喷射+缸内直喷)汽油机上开展了燃用E10乙醇汽油(乙醇体积比为10%)对发动机非常规排放特性影响的试验研究.使用傅里叶变换红外分析仪(FTIR)测量了饱和烃、不饱和烃、芳香烃及醇、醛等非常规污染物排放量,对比分析了双喷射模式时各工况下E0和E10两种燃料的非常规排放水平.结果表明,双喷射模式下,加入乙醇有效降低了乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、苯和甲苯的排放量,但会导致乙醛排放升高.双喷射模式下,随着负荷增加,两种燃料下的1,3-丁二烯和甲苯排放呈现先升高后降低的趋势,乙烯、甲醛和苯排放则先降低后升高.乙醇能抑制1,3-丁二烯、乙烯生成,抑制效果为PFI模式优于双喷射模式,GDI模式抑制量最低.PFI和GDI模式下E10的甲醛排放均显著升高,但双喷射模式有效抑制了甲醛排放的增加.     

乙醇汽油对国六直喷汽油车排放特性的影响

选择5台国六直喷汽油车采用3种不同组分的E10乙醇汽油和1种不含含氧化合物的国VI汽油,按照国六排放标准开展了WLTC循环测试,研究乙醇和基础油组分对污染物排放的影响规律.结果表明,多数国六直喷汽油车的CO、THC和PM排放有所降低,NO_x排放无明显差异,PN排放微增,所有样车的CO、THC和PM平均排放降低为6%、7%和14%.E10乙醇汽油中的重质芳香烃含量增高时,PN排放明显增加,PN排放与PMI指数呈现较强的正相关关系.     

COMBUSTIVE APPROACH FOR MEASURING TOTAL VOLATILE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT IN LANDFILL GAS

A technique was developed to measure the total gaseous phosphorus content in biogas. The amount of air needed for a neutral to oxidising flame was mixed with the biogas. The gas mixture was burnt in a closed quartz burner and the combustion gasses were bubbled through a nitric acid solution. The phosphate content in the bubbling liquid was determined with sector field ICP-MS. The technique was validated in the lab with phosphine. Afterwards the set-up was installed on a landfill. The total gaseous phosphorus content in the landfill gas, measured with the combustive technique, ranged from 1.65 to 4.44 g P/m³. At the same time the phosphine concentration in the landfill gas was determined gas chromatographically (GC). The phosphine (PH₃) content measured with GC ranged from 7.6 to 16.7 g PH₃-P/m³. Since the phosphine-P content (GC) was consistently higher than the total gaseous phosphorus content (burner/ICP-MS), the hypothesised presence of highly toxic gaseous phosphorus compounds other than phosphine could not be demonstrated.     

乙醇废水的超临界水氧化反应路径及动力学研究

研究了超临界水氧化法 (SCWO)处理乙醇废水过程的反应路径和动力学 .乙醇SCWO反应的最终产物为CO2 ,CO是此过程的中间产物 .以幂指数方程描述乙醇SCWO反应动力学 ,得到对于乙醇的反应级数为 1,对氧气的反应级数为 0 .求出活化能和指前因子分别为 3 5 1× 10 5J·mol-1和 7 74× 10 2 1s-1.方程计算值和实验值吻合较好 ,误差基本在 10 %以内     

308 nm光作用下α-Fe2O3表面HNO3的光解

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及离子色谱(IC)技术对HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面暗反应和308nm下光解反应进行了研究.考察了时间、HNO3浓度、相对湿度(RH)等条件对反应的影响.结果表明,随着HNO3浓度、光照时间的增加,HNO3在气相与α-Fe2O3表面光解产物浓度均呈指数增加;HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面光解产生的NO2、NO分别为气相产生的3.27及3.87倍,而无论气相还是表面光解的NO2浓度均约为NO的2倍.随着RH的增加,HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随之呈指数增大,其产率从RH 20%时的0.023增加到90%时的0.087.α-Fe2O3的表面效应在HNO3的表面光解反应中起主导作用.     

河流CO2与CH4排放研究进展

河流作为连接海-陆两大碳库的主要通道,其水-气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)与甲烷(CH_4)排放构成全球碳循环的重要环节,对全球气候变暖的贡献不容小觑.明确河流水体CO_2与CH_4产排过程、时空特征以及控制因素是认识河流生态学功能以及其对变化环境响应的重要内容.基于当前河流CO_2与CH_4排放研究进展,构建河流碳排放动力学概念框架(内源代谢、陆源输入),并从全球尺度、区域尺度、流域尺度综述了河流碳排放时空变异性特征以及存在的研究不足.在理解碳排放动力学概念框架和时空变异特征的基础上,构建了河流CO_2与CH_4动力学控制因子分层框架(内部因子:有机质、温度、营养盐;外部因子:水文、地貌、人类活动),深入探讨了河流碳排放的关键影响因素.最后,根据当前研究中存在的不足,提出河流碳排放应将纳入区域陆地碳平衡过程,今后研究重点应包括流域尺度上河流CO_2与CH_4内源产生与陆源输入相对贡献的量化研究、不同界面CO_2与CH_4产生与排放过程研究、高时空分辨率的监测数据的补充以及变化环境与人类活动干扰下河流碳排放的响应过程等,为理解河流生态学过程及生态系统功能提供基础,同时为我国进一步深入开展相关研究提供借鉴.     

乙醇处理对树脂基纳米水合氧化铁结构及其除砷性能的影响

通过考察乙醇处理对树脂基纳米水合氧化铁(D201-HFO)结构及其除砷性能的影响,评价乙醇处理在复合材料制备中的必要性.结果表明,乙醇处理后负载水合氧化铁(HFO)在D201树脂内的分散性增加,材料对砷的饱和吸附量提高约20%,且复合材料的比表面积、孔容、孔径分别增加了52%、65%、28%;但乙醇处理对复合材料的机械强度和负载HFO的晶型无影响,在pH值、离子竞争对该材料除砷性能的影响趋势方面也无明显作用,对复合材料固定床除砷性能及再生方面也无明显作用.总体而言,乙醇处理对D201-HFO复合材料实际除砷性能影响不大,从技术经济性考虑可以省略.     

硫氰酸汞分光光度法测定氯化氢中的影响因素及解决方法

大气中氯化氢常以气体或盐酸雾状态存在,氯化氢气体和大气中的水蒸气作用形成盐酸雾,具有强酸性,能刺激上呼吸粘膜,可引起气管炎,出现咳嗽、胸闷、头晕等症状。在硫氰酸汞分光光度法测定空气中氯化氢时,其方法灵敏、简便,但选择性差,影响因素较多,本文通过对氯化氢测定中硫氰酸汞浓度、试剂配制的方法、全程序空白测定及操作方法、采样过程等因素进行总结、探讨和分析,确定适合的测定条件,提高测定结果的准确度和精密度。     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

重点产业源增长对北部湾地区气态污染物模拟的影响

根据污染源普查资料制作北部湾地区2007年人为排放源清单,以及中期/远期参比情景(REF15/REF20)和远期调控情景(SCEi20)下的排放源清单.采用WRF-Chem模拟北部湾地区空气质量现状及未来变化.2007年SO2和NO2月平均质量浓度模拟值与监测值比较吻合.广东、广西(海南)地区污染物质量浓度较高(低)....