乐果对金鱼的急性毒性影响

用改进的寇氏法（karber）测定了乐果对金鱼（Carassius auratus）的急性毒性。急性试验经150mg／L、188．4mg／L、234．4mg／L、291．7mg／L、360mg／L乐果暴露4d，在15％～20％下，24、48、72、96h的L11m值分别为297．17、289．13、259．12、238．67mg／L，其95％置信限分别为284．25～310．67、275．17～303．81、243．33～275．93、223．98～254．33mg／L。     

Assessing the anti-estrogenic activity of sodium pentachlorophenol in primary cultures of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus) hepatocytes using vitellogenin as a biomarker

Both pentachlorophenol and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin （TCDD） had been studied widely because of their probable anti-estrogenic activity. Sodium pentachlorophenol （PCP-Na）, as a industrial product used in many fields, usually contains a trace of TCDD. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-estrogenic effect of PCP-Na in juvenile goldfish （Gurassius auratus） hepatocyte cultures using vitellogenin （VTG） as the biomarker. The ID50 of PCP-Na was investigated and then a series of concentrations （0.001 0.5 μg/ml） of PCP-Na were evaluated to estimate the anti-estrogenic activity. Results showed that PCP-Na was cytotoxic for hepatocytes even at very low concentration 〈1.21 μg/ml, and it could not induce VTG at any concentrations tested. Since it failed to stimulate VTG production, the possibility of its anti-estrogenic effect was tested, and a well-known anti-estrogenic compound-tamoxifen was used as positive control. PCP-Na caused a reduction in VTG synthesis in juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） hepatocytes at concentrations 〉0.1μg/ml when co-exposure with 1μg/ml 17β-estradiol （E2）, making its anti-estrogenic activity approximately as potent as tamoxifen. Our results indicate that PCP-Na can act as negative modulators of estrogenic function in juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） hepatocytes.     

硝基苯类、氯酚类化合物对金鱼的急性毒性研究

研究了硝基苯类和氯酚类化合物对鲤科金鱼(Carasscas auratus)的急性毒性.结果显示:①硝基苯类化合物随硝基数目在苯环上的增加,其急性毒性增加.②氯酚类化合物的急性毒性随苯环上氯原子数目的增加而增加.通过实验为定量评估和预测同类型化合物的生物急性毒性提供了参考依据.     

The acute lethality and endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in juvenile goldfish （ Carassius auratus ） in vivo

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD was administrated to juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） by peritoneal injections to explore the acute lethality and endocrine effects of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in vivo. The value of acute median lethal dosage （LD50） of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD was determined in acute lethality tests. The endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, whose exposed concentrations were determined based on the LD50 （1.84 mg/kg）, was studied by measuring the plasma vitellogenin （Vtg） content in juvenile male goldfish with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA）. Due to its significant induction of the plasma Vtg after one week＇s exposure in vivo in the 1/2 LD50 and LD30 groups, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD might be one of the important contributors to the estrogenic effect of PCDDs in the environment. The values of 1/2 LD50 and LD30 were within the range of the effective dosages of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, indicating that there was a certain relationship between the estrogenic effective dosages and the LD50.     

早期胚胎发育期暴露1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体后对金鱼仔鱼的氧化损伤(Oxidative Stress of the Ionic Liquid 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide on the Goldfish Larva Carassius auratus Hatching from the IL-treated Embryos)

离子液体的生物毒性受到越来越多关注,但目前该方面的研究报道很少.采用溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体([C8mim]Br)处理金鱼胚胎,研究了金鱼早期胚胎发育期暴露离子液体后对金鱼仔鱼的氧化损伤.通过预实验获得金鱼胚胎(卵裂期)72小时半致死浓度(LC50)为209mg·L-1,根据该结果设计胚胎发育期离子液体的亚慢性暴露浓度为10.45mg·L-1、20.9mg·L-1、41.5mg·L-1、104.5mg·L-1.实验结果表明,与对照组相比,低浓度离子液体处理组(10.45mg·L-1和20.9mg·L-1)超氧化物歧化酶活性显著上升,高浓度处理组(41.55mg·L-1和104.55mg·L-1)极显著下降.谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性除10.455mg·L-1处理组为不显著上升外,其余3组均为显著下降.4个处理组丙二醛含量均比对照组显著增高,且呈现明显的剂量-效应关系.该实验结果表明,经过胚胎发育期暴露离子液体后,[C8mim]Br对金鱼仔鱼组织抗氧化系统仍产生较强的氧化损伤并引起脂质过氧化作用.因此,有必要研究离子液体对水生态系统中水生动物种群的影响,并对离子液体的生态安全做出科学评价.     

Toxic effects of chlorpromazine on Carassius auratus and its oxidative stress

Under laboratory conditions, ecotoxicological effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on freshwater goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined using the toxic culture experiment. The results showed that the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of CPZ toxic to Carassius auratus in 24, 48 and 96 h was 1.11, 0.43 and 0.32 mg/L, respectively. Thus, CPZ is an extreme toxicant to goldfish. Furthermore, there were significantly positive correlations between the ecotoxicological effects of CPZ and its concentrations, and the toxicity became higher as the exposure time increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in goldfish livers was significantly influenced by CPZ. At the same exposure time, the activity of SOD reduced first, and increased then, whereas the activity of CAT enhanced first and decreased then. At the same exposure levels of CPZ, the activity of SOD and CAT changed similarly, decreased first, then increased and decreased at last. Within the range of exposure concentrations, the changes in the activity of CAT can more easily reflect the oxidation stress in Carassius auratus by CPZ than those of SOD.     

Estrogenic effects of water from the Yangtze River （Nanjing section） on goldfish （Carassius auratus） after an early life stage exposure

Effects of river water from the Yangtze River (Nanjing section) on fish development, vitellogenin (VTG) induction, gonado-somatic index (GSI) and sex ratio were investigated by exposing goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the early life stage (from fertilization to 28 days post-hatch) to water samples (25%, 50% and 100%) collected from three representative sections. The results showed that there was no significant effect on hatching success for any of the exposure groups, but survival was significantly reduced when compared with the control (P < 0.05). Body lengths, weights of all treated fish did not differ significantly from those of the control. Condition factors (CF) of larval fish exposed to 50% and 100% river water from the Jiangxinzhou section and 100% river water from the Daqiao section were significantly lower than that of the control (P< 0.05). VTG inductions were significant in larval fish exposed to all the dilution series of river water. No significant difference in CF value was observed in any exposure group after 150 days of depuration. VTG was fully eliminated after 75 days of depuration. For both female and male, GSI did not significantly differ between exposure groups and the control after 150 days of convalescence. The highest female:male ratios were observed in response to the treatment with 50% or 100% river water from the Jiangxinzhou section and 100% river water from the Daqiao section (53:47, 56:44 and 54:46, respectively), but no significant difference in sex ratio was observed in any treated group when compared to the control. The results showed that early life stage exposure of river water from the Yangtze River (Nanjing section) had adverse effects on goldfish development and reproductive health, and the effects on CF and VTG were reversible after depuration in clean water.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

久效磷农药对金鱼肝细胞DNA的损伤及其机制研究

以金鱼(Carassius auratus)为模式生物,研究了久效磷农药暴露导致的DNA损伤类型及其作用机制.结果表明:0.01,0.10,1.00mg/L的久效磷农药暴露24,48,96,168h均导致金鱼肝细胞DNA损伤程度显著升高,48h损伤最严重;暴露48h采用碱性、pH值12.1和中性彗星电泳发现DNA损伤类型主要为碱不稳定位点形成,其次为单/双链断裂;采用Endo Ⅲ酶和FPG酶处理的碱性彗星电泳,发现DNA出现氧化损伤;暴露24h肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高达到峰值,96~168h超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和GSH-Px活性显著升高,MDA含量与24h相比有所降低,表明活性氧自由基(ROS)含量在短期暴露升高(24h)、在96~168h暴露逐渐降低.影响抗氧化酶活性、干扰ROS清除过程是久效磷农药造成DNA损伤的主要机制.