张掖地区造纸厂废水灌溉区域微型生物调查研究

通过对造纸废水流经灌区不同点进行微型生物监测 ,从微型生物的指示性角度出发 ,来说明造纸废水水质污染状况。通过监测得知 ,废水灌区微型生物共有 3 8种。其中藻类 1 0种 ,原生动物 2 8种。 3 8种微型生物均属多污性、α-中污性或 β-中污性种类 ,说明造纸废水治理效果较差且对灌区农作物及生态污染较严重。如何解决废水污染及灌区对废水的依赖性 ,应引起有关部门的重视。     

肠道微生物对土壤中铜、锌、锰生物可给性的影响

为了更全面、准确地评价土壤中金属元素对人体的健康风险,研究土壤中金属元素在结肠阶段的生物可给性具有重要意义。通过采集我国一些地区的6种土壤,利用in vitro方法(PBET和SHIME联用)研究土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃、小肠、结肠阶段的生物可给性。研究显示,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃阶段的生物可给性分别为23.8%~63.0%、21.2%~64.4%、11.7%~35.6%;从胃阶段到小肠阶段,土壤中Cu的生物可给性提高了0.4%~14.4%,而土壤中Zn在小肠阶段的生物可给性降低了6.7%~38.7%。结肠阶段,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn的生物可给性分别为2.4%~12.9%、5.7%~18.7%、6.2%~18.9%,与小肠阶段相比,分别降低了21.7%~56.9%、0.4%~36.8%、4.5%~19.1%。结果表明,在肠道微生物存在的情况下,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在结肠阶段有较低的人体健康风险。     

白蚁肠道共生微生物多样性及其防治方法研究现状

白蚁是破坏性极大的世界性害虫.结合课题组多年来开展的科研工作,综述了白蚁肠道中内生菌分离和白蚁防治方法的研究现状.已从白蚁肠道内分离出原生动物、细菌、真菌和螺旋体等多种生物.白蚁肠道中存在的微生物对白蚁消化木质纤维素类食物有着重要的作用.白蚁防治方法主要为物理方法、化学方法和生物学方法.生物防治白蚁方法具有高效、低毒、无残留、无污染、价廉的特性.介绍了以从抗白蚁树木分离到的内生菌生物发酵合成的代谢产物作为杀白蚁生物药剂的生物防治方法,该方法优势明显,有可能成为未来白蚁防治剂研究的方向,为白蚁防治提供重要途径,具有广阔的应用前景.     

九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中异养细菌抗药性研究

为了解鲍鱼养殖环境中异养细菌的抗药性,对自广东汕尾粤顺鲍鱼养殖场九孔鲍养殖环境及其肠道中的异养细菌进行了分离鉴定,并对所分离鉴定的菌株进行了四环素等16种抗生素的抗药性试验、结果表明,鲍鱼养殖水体的异养细菌主要由鞘氨醇单胞Sphingomonas paucimobilis、巴斯德氏菌属Pasteurella sp、莫拉氏菌属Moraxella sp、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp、弧菌属Vibrio minicus等9种组成;鲍鱼消化道异养细菌类群菌株则由鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas sp、气单胞菌属Aeromonas sp、黄杆菌属Flavobdcterium sp等7种组成。抗药性试验揭示,大多数异养菌菌株对四环素、青霉素G、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素和新生霉素均产生了抗药性,而对氟哌酸、红霉素、氯霉素以及环丙沙星等的抗药性则相对较弱。     

肠道微生物与环境健康关系的研究进展与展望

尽管肠道微生物群落在调节宿主多种生理功能的稳态以及抵抗环境污染物的毒性等方面至关重要,但是其在环境健康上的作用直到近几年才引起关注.本综述主要概述了环境污染物对肠道微生物的作用导致的健康效应的最新研究进展.发展迅速的高通量测序平台与合成生态学方法有助于快速确定肠道微生物组成,结合信息化综合分析方法可进一步探明肠道微生物...     

Respiration induced by substrate and bacteria diversity after application of diuron,hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl alone and in mixture

Abstract

After application, herbicides often reach the soil and affect non-target soil microorganisms, decreasing their population, diversity or affecting metabolic activity. Therefore, laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the effects of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl alone and mixed upon carbon transformation by soil microorganisms in clayey and sandy soils and the effect on bacterial diversity and structure. Control treatment without herbicide application was also performed. Sub-samples from the control and herbicide treatments (10?g – in triplicate) were collected before herbicide application and 7, 14, 28 and 42?days after treatment (DAT), then 1?mL of ¹⁴C-glucose solution was applied. The released ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped in 2?M NaOH solution and the radioactivity was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), 12?h after glucose application. The effect of herbicides on bacterial diversity was evaluated by T-RFLP. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design. Hexazinone did not affect ¹⁴CO₂ evolution. Diuron showed a greater ¹⁴CO₂ evolution in sandy and clayey soil, while sulfometuron-methyl led to an increase in sandy soil, at 42 DAT. A greater evolution of carbon was observed in the treatment with herbicide mixture in sandy soil, compared with the same treatment in clayey soil or control. However, the herbicide mixture application did not affect the soil biological activity measured by the respiration rate induced by substrate. On the other hand, the herbicide mixtures affected the bacterial diversity in both soils, being the strongest effect to diuron and sulfometuron-methyl in clayey soil and hexazinone in sandy soil.     

Combined pollution of arsenic and Polymyxin B enhanced arsenic toxicity and enriched ARG abundance in soil and earthworm gut microbiotas

Polymyxin B (PMB) is considered as the last line of antibiotic defense available to humans. The environmental effects of the combined pollution with PMB and heavy metals and their interaction mechanisms are unclear. We explored the effects of the combined pollution with PMB and arsenic (As) on the microbial composition of the soil and in the earthworm gut, as well as the spread and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The results showed that, compared with As alone, the combined addition of PMB and As could significantly increase the bioaccumulation factor and toxicity of As in earthworm tissues by 12.1% and 16.0%, respectively. PMB treatment could significantly increase the abundance of Actinobacteria in the earthworm gut (from 35.6% to 45.2%), and As stress could significantly increase the abundance of Proteobacteria (from 19.8% to 56.9%). PMB and As stress both could significantly increase the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which were positively correlated, indicating that ARGs might be horizontally transferred. The inactivation of antibiotics was the main resistance mechanism that microbes use to resist PMB and As stress. Network analysis showed that PMB and As might have antagonistic effects through competition with multi-drug resistant ARGs. The combined pollution by PMB and As significantly promoted the relative abundance of microbes carrying multi-drug resistant ARGs and MGEs, thereby increasing the risk of transmission of ARGs. This research advances the understanding of the interaction mechanism between antibiotics and heavy metals and provides new theoretical guidance for the environmental risk assessment and combined pollution management.     

蚯蚓摄食污泥对其肠道功能区微生物种群及耐药基因的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为实验蚓种, 研究蚯蚓消化污泥前后, 其肠道各功能区微生物种群结构及耐药基因(ARGs)丰度的变化情况.为表征活体功能性微生物, 所取新鲜样品均采用叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)预处理后, 再进行DNA相关分析.结果表明: 蚯蚓消化污泥5d后, 细菌16S rDNA和真核生物18S rDNA的丰度在其胃中分别显著增加了28.2倍和42.2倍(P<0.05), 而在砂囊和后肠中均显著性降低(P<0.05).此外, 蚯蚓消化污泥使其砂囊中的优势菌门由变形菌门变为软壁菌门, 胃中的优势菌门由拟杆菌门变为厚壁菌门, 而对后肠微生物种群结构的影响较小.对于ARGs而言, 大环内酯类耐药基因ermF、四环素类耐药基因tetX和磺胺类耐药基因sul2在蚯蚓胃中的丰度分别显著升高了1.9×10²倍、8.4×10⁵倍和25.9倍(P<0.05), 而在其砂囊和后肠中ARGs总丰度分别显著下降了11.0倍和45.2倍(P<0.05).基于网络分析结果显示, 蚯蚓摄食污泥可影响其肠道内ARGs宿主细菌的结构多样性.     

微塑料对鲫鱼生长、肝脏损伤和肠道微生物组成的影响

广泛存在于自然环境中的微塑料可能会危害水生生物的生长和健康,目前该方面的研究较少.以淡水杂食性鱼类鲫鱼作为研究对象,喂食不同微塑料浓度的鱼食进行为期30 d的食源暴露试验,分析微塑料对鲫鱼生长、肝脏损伤和肠道微生物组成的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组中鲫鱼的身长没有明显变化,但低浓度组的鲫鱼体重显著增加,中浓度组和高浓度组的体重明显下降.低浓度组的鲫鱼肝脏组织基本正常,中浓度组和高浓度组的均出现了不同程度的肝组织异常现象,其中高浓度组的肝脏损伤最为严重.鲫鱼肠道中,变形菌门、梭杆菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是门水平上的优势菌种,葡萄球菌属和劳尔氏菌属等致病菌在各试验组鲫鱼肠道中均有出现;α多样性结果表明高浓度组的鲫鱼肠道微生物菌群最为丰富;PCoA结果显示对照组和试验组的鲫鱼肠道微生物存在明显的聚类特征.     

大麦虫幼虫肠道菌群对聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料降解

聚苯乙烯（polystyrene,PS）是广泛使用且难以降解的主要塑料材料之一.在本研究中,选择大麦虫幼虫（Zophobas morio）对PS进行生物降解,发现大麦虫幼虫在为期50 d的培养时间仅摄取PS,能够保持较高存活率（73%）.使用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析大麦虫的虫粪,证实了虫粪中的PS形成了新的含氧官能团.凝胶渗透色谱分析表明,大麦虫摄入PS后其虫粪的重均分子量（M_w）和数均分子量（M_n）均向减小的方向偏移,表明大麦虫摄入的PS发生了降解.使用16S rRNA基因测序技术,分析PS、麦麸和麦麸加PS这3种不同的饲喂条件下大麦虫的肠道细菌,结果表明在不同的摄食条件下,Z.morio的肠道菌群表现出显著差异.在PS饲喂条件下,大麦虫肠道中具有降解PS功能的优势菌群,例如克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella）和柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrobacter）等显著富集.以PS为唯一碳源,对大麦虫肠道微生物进行为期90 d的体外培养实验,结果发现具有PS降解功能的肠道菌群显著富集.本研究证明了肠道细菌在大麦虫幼虫降解PS的过程中发挥了重要作用,为PS的生物降解提供了新的理论依据与应用思路.