提高转炉OG效率的对策

对武钢第一炼钢厂100t转炉OG系统设备存在的问题进行了分析、研究，结合生产实际进行了一系列的技术改进和工艺参数调整，提高了OG系统效率。     

Comparative Analysis of Ecophysiological Characteristics of Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun. in the Periods of Its Bloom in Recreational Water Bodies

In the periods of summer and autumn bloom of the Stephanodiscus hantzschii Crun. in recreational water bodies, studies on the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a, its contents per unit biomass, efficiency in using photosynthetically active radiation (E_PhAR), and assimilative activity of microalgae were performed. The results confirmed the existence of two ecophysiological forms of St. hantzschii and provided evidence that both forms are typically autotrophic and can efficiently use low-intensity PhAR for photosynthesis.     

Biological Activity in a Heavily Organohalogen-Contaminated River Sediment (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Sediments of the Spittelwasser creek are highly polluted with organic compounds and heavy metals due to the discharge of untreated waste waters from the industrial region of Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany over the course of more than one century. However, relatively few data have been published about the chloroorganic contamination of the sediment. This paper reports on the content of different (chloro)organic compounds with special emphasis on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), and chlorobenzenes. Existing concepts for the remediation of Spittelwasser sediment include the investigation of natural attenuation processes, which largely depend on the presence of an intact microbial food web. In order to gain more insight in terms of biological activity, we analyzed the capacity of sediment microflora to degrade organic matter by measuring the activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes involved in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Furthermore, the detection of physiologically active bacteria in the sediment, particularly of those known for their capability to reductively dehalogenate organochlorine compounds, illustrates the potential for intrinsic bioremediation processes. Methods PCDD/F and chlorobenzenes were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/flame ionization detection, respectively. The activities of hydrolytic enzymes were determined from freshly sampled sediment layers using 4-methylumbelliferyl (MUF) or 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-conjugated model compounds and kinetic fluorescence measurements. Physiologically active bacteria from different sediment layers were microscopically visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Specific bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Results and Discussion The PCDD/F congener profile was dominated by dibenzofurans. In addition, the presence of specific tetra and pentachlorinated dibenzofurans supported the assumption that extensive magnesium production was one possible source for the high contamination. A range of other chloroorganic compounds, including several isomers of chlorobenzenes, hexachlorocyclohexane and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chloro-phenyl)ethane (DDT), was present in the sediment. Activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes showed a strong decrease in those sediment layers that were characterized by high contents of absorbable organic halogen (AOX), indicating disturbed organic matter decay. Interestingly, an abnormal increase of cellulolytic enzyme activities below the organochlorine-rich layers was observed, possibly caused by residual cellulose from discharges of sulfite pulping wastes. FISH revealed physiologically active bacteria in most sediment layers from the surface down to the depth of about 60 cm, including members of Desulfitobacterium (D.) and Sulfurospirillum. The presence of D. dehalogenans was confirmed by its partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. Conclusions Results of chemical sediment analyses demonstrated high loads of organochlorine compounds, particularly of PCDD/F. Several years after stopping the waste water discharge to Spittelwasser creek, this sediment remains a main source for pollution of the downstream river system by way of the ongoing mobilization of sediment during high floods. As indicated by our enzyme activity measurements, the decomposition potential for organic matter is low in organochlorine-rich sediment layers. In contrast, the comparably higher enzyme activities in less organochlorine-polluted sediment layers as well as the presence of physiologically active bacteria suggest a considerable potential for natural attenuation. Recommendations and Perspectives From our data we strongly recommend to explore the degradative capacity of sediment microorganisms and the limits for in situ activity towards specific sediment pollutants in more detail. This will give a sound basis for the integration of bioremediation approaches into general concepts to reduce the risk that permanently radiates from this highly contaminated sediment. Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Henner.Hollert@urz.uniheidelberg.de)     

人工智能技术对长江流域水污染治理的思考

随着经济的快速发展和城市化进程的不断加速,促使水污染严重的长江流域需从污染物去除过程的建模与优化、污水处理过程的优化控制、水污染监测系统的构建开展水污染治理研究.传统的水污染处理技术存在污染物去除效率预测精度较低、污水优化控制成本较高、水污染监测滞后效应严重的问题.人工智能技术能够有效克服上述问题,因此通过梳理国内外学者利用人工智能技术在污水污染物去除过程的建模与优化、污水处理过程的优化控制及水污染监测系统的构建等方面的研究成果,为全面加强长江流域水污染治理能力提供科学可靠的技术指导.结果表明:①利用人工神经网络技术（径向基神经网络、多层前馈网络-人工神经网络、多层感知器神经网络）对污水污染物去除过程进行建模与优化,为精确预测长江流域重金属（Cr、Cu）、营养盐（TN、TP）、持久性有机污染物〔PBDEs（多溴二苯醚）、HCH（六氯环己烷）〕的去除率提供重要参考价值.②采用污水处理的自动控制技术与人工智能技术（递归神经网络、支持向量机、模糊神经网络等）构建污水智能控制系统,为长江流域实现高效节能的污水优化控制提供重要的技术指导.③利用在线监测仪器和人工智能技术（小波神经网络、多元线性回归-人工神经网络、叠层去噪自动编码器等）建立水污染智能监测系统,为解决长江流域水污染监测响应滞后问题提供有力的技术支持.因此,人工智能技术对长江流域提高污水污染物去除率,降低污水优化控制成本,提升水污染监测时效性具有重要的推广价值.      

区域产业结构转型升级水平与旅游扶贫效率耦合关系——以武陵山片区为例

以武陵山片区42个国家级贫困县（市、区）为案例地,综合运用SBM模型、改进的熵值法与耦合协调模型,揭示产业结构转型升级水平与旅游扶贫效率耦合协调关系的时空演化特征。结果表明:（1）武陵山片区整体及各分片区产业结构转型升级指数均呈波浪式变化,湖北片区、重庆片区以及武陵山片区整体的旅游扶贫效率呈上升态势,而湖南片区和贵州片区略有下降;（2）产业结构转型升级水平与旅游扶贫效率不耦合、不协调的县域单元主要集中在武陵山片区中部,数量逐年减少,实现耦合和协调的县域数量显著增加并向边缘地带形成集聚态势;（3）不耦合失调（类型1）向耦合协调（类型2）转变是核心转变路径,促使类型2的地区数量显著增多,并逐渐在研究区域边缘形成带状分布。研究可为集中连片特困地区产业结构优化升级和跨越贫困陷阱提供参考借鉴。     

星形线电除尘器内EHD流动与粒子行为数值模拟

为了研究星形线电除尘器内电流体动力学（EHD）流动与荷电粒子运动行为及两者间相互作用,构建了线板式电除尘器（ESP）内关于EHD和带电粒子运动学的耦合数值模型.该模型采用有限体积法离散求解电场方程和空间电荷方程,在拉格朗日法下建立带电粒子运动方程,并与FLUENT湍流模型进行耦合.利用这一模型,对3种电场风速下星形线电除尘器内流动形态与粒子运动行为进行了细致模拟,并分析了二次流动对气流、粒子浓度分布的影响.结果表明,星形线电除尘通道内二次流动对流动形态和粒子浓度分布存在显著作用.随电场风速的降低,这一作用将越明显.EHD流动对细小荷电粒子运动的影响更为显著.二次流动产生涡旋并作用于主流来影响粒子运动行为.收尘板面的涡旋挤压粒子流远离壁面向流动中心运动,放电极下游的涡旋则促进粒子流向收尘板壁面靠近.此外,由于捕集通道中强二次流的存在,Deutsch计算式对除尘效率、特别是对于亚微米粒子捕集效率的计算并不准确.     

三江源植被碳利用率动态变化及其对气候响应

本文基于MODIS GPP/NPP数据估算了三江源植被碳利用率（CUE）,结合气象数据和高程数据采用一元线性回归和相关分析法,探讨了2001~2017年三江源植被CUE的时空变化特征及植被CUE对气温、降水量和蒸散量变化的响应.结果表明：（1）三江源植被CUE年内3~10月表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势,其中6月植被CUE最高.（2）三江源年植被碳利用率位于0.73~1,平均水平为0.85;植被CUE空间上呈现北高南低,西高东低的分布特征.（3）整体上,三江源4~10月植被碳利用率与同期气温、降水量和蒸散量分别呈现正相关、负相关和负相关关系,降水量是影响三江源植被CUE变化的主要影响因素,气温为次要因素,蒸散量影响程度最小.     

磁性氧化石墨处理乳化含油废水及磁致增强效应

以高铁酸钾为氧化剂,基于改进Hummers法制备了新型磁性氧化石墨材料,在SEM、FTIR、氮气吸脱附和表面接触角表征基础上,探究了该材料处理乳化含油废水的效果及磁致增强效应.结果表明：相较于石墨,磁性氧化石墨比表面积增大,表面有卷曲结构并负载着Fe₃O₄颗粒,具有含氧官能团,存在疏水性较强的微观孔隙结构.在外加磁场条件下,磁性氧化石墨团聚,形成疏水性宏观孔隙结构,利于乳化油滴的吸附和附着.磁性氧化石墨处理乳化含油废水的能力远好于石墨与粉末活性炭,且处理效率与磁场强度成正相关,COD去除率可达95%以上.使用后的磁性氧化石墨进行溶剂萃取或热处理,可以循环使用.磁性氧化石墨经过4次循环使用,热再生效率为92%,溶剂萃取再生效率为86%.以上研究为乳化含油废水的处理提供了一种有效的方法.     

中国沿海省市海洋生态补偿效率评价

本文运用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型、DEA-Malmquist指数模型、Tobit模型和标准差椭圆模型,对2006-2016年中国11个沿海省市的海洋生态补偿效率开展测度和分析,结果显示：2006~2016年中国总体海洋生态补偿效率平均值为0.633,处于中等效率水平,随时间呈“下降-上升-稳定”的趋势;海洋生态技术进步依旧是海洋生态补偿过程中全要素生产率的重要驱动力,但面临一定的技术效率损失;海洋第三产业比重对海洋生态补偿效率值有正向的显著影响,城市化率、进出口总额占比和海洋灾害直接经济损失对海洋生态补偿效率存在显著的负向影响;海洋生态补偿效率的空间聚集性增强,区域不平衡性有所收敛,空间分布格局基本保持稳定.     

Ni2+对好氧颗粒污泥系统性能的影响

以城镇污水处理厂A²/O工艺的回流污泥作为接种污泥,在序批式反应器（SBR）中培养好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）,探究Ni²⁺对AGS系统的影响.结果表明：在25℃的条件下,50d左右培养出成熟的AGS,其形态多呈球状或椭球状,外表分布着少量丝状菌,颗粒污泥粒径主要在2~4mm,MLSS达6000mg/L,SVI维持在40~50mL/g.将Ni²⁺作用于培养出的成熟AGS,Ni²⁺在0~2mg/L的浓度范围内会提高AGS的稳定性,使MLSS上升,SVI降低;同时会促进AGS分泌胞外多聚物（EPS）,EPS组成成分中的蛋白质（PN）明显多于多糖（PS）;Ni²⁺对好氧颗粒污泥去除总氮（TN）的抑制程度要大于COD,最终COD去除率可维持在95%以上,TN去除率可维持在70%以上.