DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIN GEOMORPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USING A TIN-DEM DATA STRUCTURE1

ABSTRACT: To make a distributed rainfall-runoff model, it is very important to build a model of topographic surface of a basin which takes account of the direction of water flow. In this paper, a geographic information system in hydrologic modeling, the BGIS (Basin Geomorphic Information Systems) are presented for modeling a river basin using a TIN-DEM (Triangulated Irregular Network - Digital Elevation Model) data structure. The BGIS have two core systems, which are the TIN-DEM generating system and the topographic analysis system. In the TIN-DEM generating system, landscapes are modeled as a set of contiguous non-overlapping terangular facets whose vertices are made up of points on a regular grid DEM and on river segments. These triangular facets are subdivided, if needed, so that each of them has only one side through which water flows out. The TIN-DEM generating system is made up of four modules, (1) a module for generating triangles from a grid DEM, (2) a module for getting rid of pits, (3) a module for joining discontinuous valley segments to a channel network, (4) a module for subdividing triangular facets. In the topographic analysis system, using datasets processed with the TIN-DEM generating system, a watershed source area for any segments in a stream network are delineated automatically, and topographic attributes of slopes, aspects, flow path lengths and upslope contributing areas are computed.     

一种异形结构传爆药起爆威力实验研究

旨在研究一种新型高能传爆药装药结构,根据冲击波汇聚技术、拐角效应理论和有效装药理论等,设计了一种异形结构传爆药。利用主装药轴向钢凹法对多点同步起爆网络起爆的该异形结构传爆药柱起爆威力进行了实验研究。对实验数据进行对比分析,结果表明在达到相同起爆效果的情况下,利用多点同步起爆网络起爆的该异形结构传爆药柱相对于普通圆柱形传爆药柱的用药量有较大幅度的降低。研究成果对解决钝感弹药的起爆问题具有重大的现实意义。     

基于GIS的巴东县新城区滑坡灾害危险性区划

巴东县新城区是三峡库区滑坡灾害最为发育的地段之一。通过还原滑坡形成前的物质组成和历史环境,选取了影响滑坡发育的地层岩性、水位影响带等9项评价指标。完善了基于地形条件的不规则单元划分方法,对研究区进行了斜坡评价单元的划分,使得评价单元具有更明确的地质意义和更完善的地质结构。此外,将各影响因素图与斜坡评价单元分布图叠加得到计算单元,在计算单元信息量求解的基础上提出了斜坡评价单元信息量的计算方法,进行了基于斜坡评价单元的危险性区划,得到了巴东县新城区滑坡灾害危险性区划图。分析结果表明,水位影响带、居民区、公路分布区及顺向坡坡型与滑坡灾害发生的相关性最大。高危险区占城区面积的16.4%,主要分布在长江两岸临江地段。     

柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机的非常规排放特性研究

在一台电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上,利用FTIR研究柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机不同甲醇替代率下的非常规排放特性.结果表明,柴油/甲醇二元燃料燃烧模式下的非常规排放物甲醛、未燃甲醇、1,3-丁二烯及N_2O的比排放与纯柴油模式相比均有不同程度的增加,且均随着甲醇替代率的增加而增加;甲醛、未燃甲醇及N_2O的比排放随着负荷的增加逐渐降低;随着转速的增加,未燃甲醇的比排放趋势相差不大,排放量也无明显差别;CO_2的比排放随着甲醇替代率的增加而下降.     

非规则信息的结构分析与雾的区域预测

按照航空飞行的特殊需要,就大气能见度因素--雾的预测问题,引用物质演化的溃变原理,对大范围﹑区域性和测站点雾的发生﹑发展、消亡的实际案例进行了物理机理和预测分析.结果显示,根据V-3θ图的结构特征,可预测区域性雾的分布和量级,并可明确区分雾的类别.经实际检验,该方法可明显地改善机场的业务预报.     

信息数字化与雾的细化预测

在先前工作的基础上,尝试了信息数字化细化取样的细化分析方法.结果表明:雾的分析和预测效果更能得到"落点"预测的实效性改善.     

非正规填埋场渗漏的层次化环境风险评价模型及案例研究

通过系统分析非正规填埋场建设、运行和封场的工艺工程及其环境特征,将其渗漏风险的发生过程划分为3个阶段,针对不同阶段采用不同风险评价模型:采用水均衡模型和Monte Carlo方法研究渗滤液的渗漏风险;采用基于Darcy定律和Fick定律的溶质运移方程和Monte Carlo方法研究地下水的污染风险;采用剂量-效应模型评价受渗滤液污染地下水的人体健康风险,最终构建了非正规填埋场渗漏风险评价的层次化风险评价模型.应用该模型评价了西北地区某非正规填埋场的环境风险.结果表明:1第1层次的风险评估结果能较好的表征第2层次和第3层次风险的大小,其结果可作为是否进行后续风险评价的判断依据;2仅就本填埋场而言,若采用层次化风险评价模型,可大幅节约风险评价所需的时间成本(95%)和工程成本(96.5%);3案例表明该填埋场渗漏量超过可接受渗漏量的概率为0,渗漏风险极小;渗滤液的渗漏对地下水影响很小,污染风险为0;该填埋场渗滤液中存在的六价铬和总铬的非致癌危害商均低于10-2,健康风险水平很小;综合考虑,该填埋场的环境风险较小,无需采取工程措施对其进行治理或搬迁.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

地下水非稳定流问题的有限分析五点格式

针对有限分析法不规则单元适应性差的问题,采用坐标旋转技术,建立了一种求解地下水非稳定流方程的有限分析五点格式,并给出了相应的边界条件。应用所提出的地下水非稳定流方程的有限分析五点格式对地下水的3个典型问题进行了模拟计算,其结果与解析解和前人的计算结果相比较,计算得到的结果与解析解吻合很好,较有限元法、边界元法的精度高,计算过程简单,稳定性好,收敛速度快,能很好地拟合边界和非均质分区界线,确切反映渗流场中不同部位的水头分布,并能较好地适应于复杂的几何区域。计算格式也可以应用到其他非规则区域的计算中。     

无规则排放废气排污费的征收办法

无规则排放废气由于无法准确监测和计量，此项排污费的征收尚处于“无规则”状态。采用“环境欠量补偿经验系数法”对其进行探讨，探索出切实可行的征收办法。