林可霉素菌渣堆肥微生物群落多样性分析

本试验以林可霉素菌渣-猪粪为原料、污泥-猪粪堆肥作对照,研究了林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中残留林可霉素的降解情况,并基于Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序分析了林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中微生物菌群的变化.结果表明:通过堆肥处理可以大幅度降解林可霉素菌渣中残留的林可霉素,经过33 d的堆肥处理后,林可霉素的残留量从最初的1 800 mg·kg-1降到483mg·kg-1,降解率高达73%.同时高通量测序结果表明,由于高含量的林可霉素残留,在堆肥初期和高温期林可霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌群落的分布丰度和多样性指数均低于污泥-猪粪堆肥,但真菌群落丰度和多样性均高于污泥-猪粪堆肥.林可霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌主要以Paucisalibacillus、Cerasibacillus、Bacillus、Virgibacillus、Ureibacillus、Paenibacillus、Sinibacillus属为主,而污泥-猪粪堆肥中主要以Truepera、Actinomadura、Pseudosphingobacterium、Pseudomonas、Luteimonas、Ureibacillus属为主,两者堆肥中微生物群落结构存在显著差异.随着堆肥进入腐熟期,林可霉素残留大幅度降解,抗生素对微生物的胁迫减小或解除,林可霉素菌渣-猪粪堆肥和污泥-猪粪堆肥相比,无论是细菌还是真菌,其微生物群落已逐渐趋同.表明堆肥处理可以大幅降解林可霉素残留,增加微生物多样性,有利于实现林可霉素菌渣无害化处理和资源化利用.     

含固率和接种比对林可霉素菌渣厌氧消化的影响

通过林可霉素菌渣的中温厌氧消化摇瓶实验,比较不同的含固率(3%、5%、8%、10%)和接种比(0.5、1、2、3)对菌渣产甲烷能力的影响,以确定菌渣厌氧消化的最优工艺条件.结果表明,在研究参数范围内,含固率越低,接种比越高,越有利于甲烷的产生;经过10d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3时的工况中,菌渣的挥发性固体(VS)累计净产甲烷量最高,为106 mL/g;而含固率>5%、接种比2的液态发酵工艺,此条件既能保证厌氧消化不受消化产物(胺和挥发性有机酸)积累的抑制,也可以缓冲菌渣中残留林可霉素对消化微生物可能产生的抑制效应.     

抗生素菌渣堆肥进程中微生物群落的变化

将青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪等原料分别进行好氧堆肥实验,以考察堆肥过程中不同菌渣对微生物群落的影响。在堆制的41d里,根据温度变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,采用稀释倒平板法测定细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。结果表明,菌渣不同,其堆肥中的微生物群落变化趋势不同。青霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌数量变化趋势为高一低,真菌数量变化趋势为高一低．高,放线菌数量为逐渐增加;林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中细菌数量变化趋势为低一高一低,放线菌和真菌数量变化趋势为高．低．高。依据真菌菌落形态观察,菌渣堆肥中的真菌种类比对照牛粪堆肥单一,表明两种菌渣对堆肥中的微生物多样性均产生了不利影响。林可霉素菌渣堆肥初始时的细菌数量比对照低1个数量级,放线菌数量在整个堆肥进程中都明显低于对照,堆肥结束时,随着菌渣含量的增加,放线菌数量逐渐下降,高温期真菌数量下降幅度随着菌渣含量增加而加大,表明林可霉素菌渣对细菌、放线菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制。堆肥化后菌渣中林可霉素残留量的减少表明,在一定条件下堆肥处理可以将抗生素菌渣无害化和资源化。     

废弃物基水热炭改良对水稻产量及氮素吸收的影响

生物炭农田回用是实现农林废弃物资源化利用和碳封存的有效手段.近年来,水热碳化技术由于在炭产率、能耗及生产过程中的烟气排放等方面显著优于常规热解碳化技术而受到关注.为实现农林废弃物的资源化利用,明确水热炭农田应用对作物生产力的影响,本研究通过原状土柱模拟试验和表征分析,研究了4种不同类型改良水热炭对两种典型土壤的水稻产量和氮素吸收的影响及可能的驱动因素.结果表明,锯末水热炭和秸秆水热炭经物理或生物改良后,在两种类型土壤上均能够增加水稻产量和氮素吸收,减少氮素损失,且其效应不受水热炭添加量影响(5‰,15‰;质量分数).与对照相比,水热炭添加处理的产量和氮素吸收量分别提高9.2%～20.7%和7.7%～17.0%.高C/N比的锯末水热炭更有利于高肥力土壤水稻氮素吸收量的增加;而低肥力土壤由于限制性因子较多,受水热炭类型的影响较小.通过对水热炭的表征分析发现,其表面养分元素丰富;水洗或生物改良后其表面孔隙结构有较大改善,C元素相对含量明显降低,N和O元素相对含量明显增加,这对养分的固持/供应可能产生影响.因此,水热炭改良后孔隙结构的改变和N、O元素含量的增加可能是其施用后水稻产量和氮素吸收增...     

(M)VOC and composting facilities. Part 1: (M)VOC emissions from municipal biowaste and plant refuse

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Malodorous volatiles derived from the decomposition of biowaste within the process of composting might pose a risk to human health. Different techniques of process engineering have been developed to minimise the burden of malodorous compounds in air possibly affecting compost workers and residents in the vicinity. METHODS: In the present study, three different composting facilities were examined for the emission of volatiles to estimate the impact of process engineering on the dispersal of odorous compounds and to discuss its relevance for human health. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Concentrations of single compounds belonging to alcohols, ketones, furanes, sulfur-containing compounds and especially terpenes ranged from 10(2) up to nearly 10(6) ng/m3 depending on the sampling sites and the process engineering. The ratio of MVOC and total VOC measured changed throughout the process of biodegradation. A certain combination of volatile compounds coincided with the occurrence of typical compost odour. CONCLUSION: The type of process engineering seemed to have a major impact on the emission of volatiles, as amounts of (microbial) volatiles emitted were characteristic for the different techniques used. Thus, the MVOC emission basically depends on the degree of biodegradation. It is likely that the concentrations workers are exposed to can have an impact on human health. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: It is obvious that less sophisticated types of process engineering give rise to greater amounts of bioaerosols and volatiles and, therefore, technical devices have to be improved and controlled regularly to minimise adverse health effects on workers.     

电催化处理盐酸林可霉素发酵废水试验

通过试验，验证了电催化设备处理盐酸林可霉素的发酵废水，对其试验目的、试验方法、设备及效果作了介绍。     

Effect of airflow on biodrying of gardening wastes in reactors

Biodrying consists of reducing moisture by using the heat from aerobic bio-degradation.The parameters that control the process are:aeration,temperature during the process,initial moisture of biowaste,and temperature and relative humidity of the input air.Lawn mowing and garden waste from the gardens of the University Jaume I,Castellón(Spain)were used as a substrate.Biodrying was performed in 10 reactors with known air volumes from 0.88 to 6.42 L/(min·kg dry weight).To promote aeration,5 of the reactors had 15% of a bulking agent added.The experiment lasted 20 days.After the experiments it was found that the bulking agent led to greater weight loss.However,the increased airflow rate was not linearly proportional to the weight loss.     

生物水解（酸化）法处理高浓度洁霉素废水的降解机理研究

在应用生物水解（酸化）法处理高浓度洁霉素生产废水中试试验中,着重研究水解（酸化）反应中起主要作用的微生物菌群及其降解效率。同时采用GPC（凝胶渗透色谱）、GC/MS（色谱一质谱）等分析手段对水解（酸化）反应过程中有机物形态变化进行研究。结果表明,在水解（酸化）反应中起主要作用的有埃希氏菌属、发酵单胞菌属、气单胞菌属、变形杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属等。同时,水解（酸化）反应具有将洁霉素废水中的大分子有机物降解为小分子有机物的作用,可提高废水的可生化性。     

林可霉素菌渣与牛粪联合堆肥实验研究

抗生素菌渣因含有抗生素残留而成为一种较难处理的废弃物,不合理的处理方法极易造成环境污染和生态危害,同时也会造成资源浪费.为了探讨林可霉素菌渣堆肥化处理的可行性,设计了林可霉素菌渣与牛粪的联合堆肥实验.4个堆肥处理的林可霉素初始含量分别为1.35 mg/g(干重)、1.89 mg/g(干重)、3.52 mg/g(干重)和...     

林可霉素菌渣堆肥抗生素抗性基因变化分析

为了研究抗生素菌渣堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的变化情况,以林可霉素菌渣-糠醛渣堆肥为研究对象,以污泥-糠醛渣堆肥为对照.运用荧光定量PCR技术检测到了堆肥过程中lnuA-01、sul1、ermA、ermB、ermC等5种林可霉素抗性基因和整合子基因intI1的变化情况.结果表明,堆肥化处理可以降解99%的林可霉素残留,两者堆肥ARGs总量绝对丰度均有较大增加,而相对丰度降低5%~22%.同时发现林可霉素菌渣堆肥有助于intI1的富集,表明林可霉素菌渣堆肥存在生态风险.冗余分析显示,ARGs变化受环境因子影响严重,影响顺序为pH值 > 林可霉素残留 > 温度 > C/N.