模糊综合评价法在钢铁企业安全投资合理性评价中的应用

为了对钢铁企业安全投资进行模糊综合评价,建立了钢铁企业安全投资的评价体系,确定各因素的权重。得出模糊综合评价矩阵,可对各因素进行评价分析;得出某钢铁企业安全投资现状分数为83.9分,等级为较好,需着重加强安全培训、劳保品、工业卫生等人因素方面的投资;在环境方面的投资较合理。     

Analysis of the Trend and Seasonal Cycle of Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in an Urban Area (4 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Air quality is an field of major concern in large cities. This problem has led administrations to introduce plans and regulations to reduce pollutant emissions. The analysis of variations in the concentration of pollutants is useful when evaluating the effectiveness of these plans. However, such an analysis cannot be undertaken using standard statistical techniques, due to the fact that concentrations of atmospheric pollutants often exhibit a lack of normality and are autocorrelated. On the other hand, if long-term trends of any pollutant’s emissions are to be detected, meteorological effects must be removed from the time series analysed, due to their strong masking effects. Materials and Methods The application of statistical methods to analyse temporal variations is illustrated using monthly carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations observed at an urban site. The sampling site is located at a street intersection in central Valencia (Spain) with a high traffic density. Valencia is the third largest city in Spain. It is a typical Mediterranean city in terms of its urban structure and climatology. The sampling site started operation in January 1994 and monitored CO ground level concentrations until February 2002. Its geographic coordinates are W0°22′52″ N39°28′05″ and its altitude is 11 m. Two nonparametric trend tests are applied. One of these is robust against serial correlation with regards to the false rejection rate, when observations have a strong persistence or when the sample size per month is small. A nonparametric analysis of the homogeneity of trends between seasons is also discussed. A multiple linear regression model is used with the transformed data, including the effect of meteorological variables. The method of generalized least squares is applied to estimate the model parameters to take into account the serial dependence of the residuals of this model. This study also assesses temporal changes using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter. The KZ filter has been shown to be an effective way to remove the influence of meteorological conditions on O₃ and PM to examine underlying trends. Results The nonparametric tests indicate a decreasing, significant trend in the sampled site. The application of the linear model yields a significant decrease every twelve months of 15.8% for the average monthly CO concentration. The 95% confidence interval for the trend ranges from 13.9% to 17.7%. The seasonal cycle also provides significant results. There are no differences in trends throughout the months. The percentage of CO variance explained by the linear model is 90.3%. The KZ filter separates out long, short-term and seasonal variations in the CO series. The estimated, significant, long-term trend every year results in 10.3% with this method. The 95% confidence interval ranges from 8.8% to 11.9%. This approach explains 89.9% of the CO temporal variations. Discussion The differences between the linear model and KZ filter trend estimations are due to the fact that the KZ filter performs the analysis on the smoothed data rather than the original data. In the KZ filter trend estimation, the effect of meteorological conditions has been removed. The CO short-term componentis attributable to weather and short-term fluctuations in emissions. There is a significant seasonal cycle. This component is a result of changes in the traffic, the yearly meteorological cycle and the interactions between these two factors. There are peaks during the autumn and winter months, which have more traffic density in the sampled site. There is a minimum during the month of August, reflecting the very low level of vehicle emissions which is a direct consequence of the holiday period. Conclusions The significant, decreasing trend implies to a certain extent that the urban environment in the area is improving. This trend results from changes in overall emissions, pollutant transport, climate, policy and economics. It is also due to the effect of introducing reformulated gasoline. The additives enable vehicles to burn fuel with a higher air/fuel ratio, thereby lowering the emission of CO. The KZ filter has been the most effective method to separate the CO series components and to obtain an estimate of the long-term trend due to changes in emissions, removing the effect of meteorological conditions. Recommendations and Perspectives Air quality managers and policy-makers must understand the link between climate and pollutants to select optimal pollutant reduction strategies and avoid exceeding emission directives. This paper analyses eight years of ambient CO data at a site with a high traffic density, and provides results that are useful for decision-making. The assessment of long-term changes in air pollutants to evaluate reduction strategies has to be done while taking into account meteorological variability     

生态足迹影响因子的定量分析

人口的膨胀和人类工业化进程的加剧，使得人类向自然界获取越来越多的资源，同时向环境源源不断的输入废弃物，已经严重超过了自然生态系统的供给能力和环境容量，生态环境日益恶化，水土流失、草场退化、植被消亡、生物多样性锐减、全球变暖等情况已经严重到难以遏制的地步，危及到人类自身的生存。在和平与发展成为世界两大主题的今天，人们越来越关注可持续发展的问题。在现有资料的基础上，利用主成分分析方法，定量地讨论了中国各省（区市）1999年生态足迹大小与其影响因子间的关系。结果表明，生态足迹的大小是各省（区市）的大中型企业个数、全社会固定生产投资等众多因子共同作用的结果，其中总人口和GDP是生态足迹大小的主要影响因子，其因子载荷量分别达到了0.940和0.913。值得一提的是非农业人口与生态足迹的相关系数超过了农业人口，这说明由于消费模式和生活水平等的差异，非农业人口对生态足迹的影响大于农业人口对生态足迹的影响。在此基础上建立了生态足迹影响因子的多元线性回归模型，以期为生态足迹在进行区域可持续发展评价的方法上提供新的思路。     

重量法测定含动、植物油和矿物油废水应注意的问题

废水监测中，用重量法测定污（废）水中的动、植物油和矿物油是常用方法之一。为了保证测试结果的准确性，减少误差，提高分析测试质量，作者以多年的实践经验结合塔里木油田采油厂生产污水和餐饮行业生活废水的测定，对测定两种不同含油类废水应注意的问题进行探讨。供同行在实际工作中参考。     

铜合金实验室试验与实海挂片结果的比较与分析

目的比较实验室试验结果与实海挂片结果对B10和H62两种铜合金腐蚀性能评价的异同之处。方法采用线性极化、电化学阻抗、显微形貌观察等,比较两种铜合金在实验室模拟海水中的的腐蚀速率、点蚀倾向,结合反应机理、腐蚀形貌、环境等外部因素,分析导致实验室与实海环境下出现差异的原因。结果除榆林海域外,实海挂片与实验室结果都表明,B10试样的平均腐蚀速率小于H62。B10和H62两种铜合金随温度升高腐蚀速率增大,在实验室和实海情况下表现出一致性,且平均腐蚀速率都随浸泡时间的延长而降低。结论在实海环境中,温度不是影响点蚀的主要因素,微生物等其他环境因素会对点蚀产生较大影响。     

基于 GJB 150.26 的军用装备流体污染试验实施方法

从适用性、参数选取、试验程序等角度深度梳理GJB 150.26试验标准,并研究流体污染试验程序的实施方法。通过对流体污染试验的研究背景和应用需求、相关标准应用现状和试验适用范围进行说明介绍,围绕基于GJB 150.26的流体污染试验参数选取原则、试验程序制定方法,探究符合标准架构的试验实施流程体系。按照所归纳研究整理的试验实施流程体系,结合工程实例对某型机载产品基于GJB 150.26的试验标准,针对其实际使用情况和相关技术协议文件制定了流体污染试验程序,进行了试验实施验证。流体污染试验实施目前在我国环境适应性工程领域缺乏理论基础指导,具备较大的开拓空间,通过对其实施方法和程序的研究能够有效地提升军用装备开展特种环境试验的技术能力。     

海洋环境低水位加速腐蚀研究进展

以海洋环境中一个非常重要的局部腐蚀形式——低水位加速腐蚀(ALWC)为对象,自其检测、发生原因、防护三个方面就国内外的文献报告进行综述分析。在检测方面,首先介绍了常用的宏观观察这一被动形式,并突出其特征,然后介绍了利用海水中可溶性无机氮含量作为ALWC发生概率预测这一主动形式,分析其优势与不足。在发生原因方面,在对将ALWC认定为一种典型的微生物腐蚀(MIC)形式的认知过程进行介绍之后,重点分析了微生物对ALWC作用机制不清晰的原因,并建议在后续研究中突出动态演变过程,结合高通量测序等分子生物学技术,确定在不同的阶段影响ALWC的关键微生物,且进一步在大气-海水体系下研究典型菌株及其协同作用的影响,提出微生物对ALWC的作用机制。在防护方面,根据新建和已建钢结构设施分别对传统和针对ALWC所具有的MIC与局部腐蚀特性的新型高效防护方法进行了介绍,并分析了防护方法的优缺点。     

DZ125合金HY3包覆型涂层退除研究

目的 研究化学法退除DZ125合金HY3包覆型涂层。方法 采用真空电弧镀技术（AIP）在定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ125上制备包覆型涂层HY3,利用化学方法完全退除基体上的涂层,通过失重法研究对比1#和2#退除溶液退除HY3涂层和DZ125合金的退除速率,采用扫描电镜（SEM）对退除后的HY3涂层和DZ125基体的微观组织进行观察。结果 经过100 min,2#溶液可以将20 ?m左右的HY3涂层完全退除,采用1#溶液需要超过100 min才能完全退除涂层。两种对DZ125合金的腐蚀性很小,对于同一种合金而言,1#溶液和2#溶液对合金的腐蚀速率比值为1︰13。在1#溶液中,合金与涂层腐蚀速率的比值为1︰87.65;在2#退除溶液中,合金与涂层腐蚀速率的比值为1︰6.81。结论 1#溶液更加适合退除DZ125合金上的HY3涂层。     

典型铅锌矿化区不同土地利用类型土壤重金属污染特征与评价

选取云南者海典型铅锌矿区周边冶炼区（A）、粮食主产区（B）、保护区（C）三个区域土壤为研究对象,分析三个区域内林地（LD）和耕地（GD）土壤pH、总碳（TC）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和5种重金属（Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu）含量,利用典范对应分析（CCA）研究不同土地利用类型下它们之间的关系,基于系统熵值与重金属生物毒性改进灰色聚类评价法对研究区重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,A、B、C三区土壤的5种重金属均超过云南省土壤背景值,且含量A区 > B区 > C区,所有土壤样品Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu平均含量分别为7.24、1.53、1 794、2 892、210 mg/kg;LD土壤重金属含量普遍高于GD。研究区土壤pH总体呈弱酸性,但A区土壤受矿业活动影响呈弱碱性。TC、TN含量和C/N值均表现出LD大于GD,但TP含量表现为GD显著大于LD （P<0.05）。CCA分析表明LD和GD土壤pH与Cd和Cu呈负相关,与Zn和Pb呈正相关,且pH对重金属含量的影响最大;TC、TP与重金属Cd和Cu在LD土壤中呈正相关,在GD土壤中呈负相关。改进灰色聚类评价结果表明重金属污染程度均表现为LD大于GD;A区污染最严重且均呈重度污染,B区次之,C区污染程度最轻。经比较本文改进的灰色聚类评价法在准确性和灵敏度方面优于传统方法。     

盐酸萘乙二胺比色法测定大气中硝基苯、苯胺浓度的改进

本文探讨了盐酸萘乙二胺比色方法测定大气中硝基苯、苯胺浓度的最佳反应条件,如酸度、试剂加入量、反应温度、反应时间等。简化了过滤、洗涤操作,精密度高、显色稳定。