Bioreduction of hexavalent chromium by Exiguobacterium indicum strain MW1 isolated from marine water of Paradip Port,Odisha, India

Hexavalent chromium-tolerant (1500?mg/L) bacterium MW1 was isolated from harbour water of Paradip Port and evaluated for Cr(VI) reduction potential. The isolate was identified as Exiguobacterium indicum by biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence methods. Salt tolerance of the bacterium was evaluated in a wide range of NaCl concentrations (0.5–13%, w/v). The Cr(VI) reduction of the strain was evaluated and optimised with varied Cr(VI) concentrations (100–1000?mg/L), pH (5.0–9.0), temperature (30–40°C) and shaking velocity (100–150?rpm) in two different minimal media (M9 and Acetate). Under optimised conditions, after 192?h of incubation nearly 92%, 50% and 46% reduction in the M9 minimal medium and 91%, 47% and 40% reduction in the acetate minimal medium were observed for 100, 500 and 1000?mg/L of Cr(VI), respectively. The exponential rate equation for Cr(VI) reduction yielded higher rate constant value, that is, 1.27?×?10^?2?h^?1 (M9) and 1.17?×?10^?2?h^?1 (Acetate) in case of 100?mg/L and became lower for 500 and 1000?mg/L Cr(VI) concentrations. Further, the association of bacterial cells with reduced product was ascertained by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, UV–Vis–DRS and field-emission scanning electron microscope–energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. The above study suggests that the higher reducing ability of the marine bacterium E. indicum MW1 will be suitable for Cr(VI) reduction from saline effluents.     

Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L

The submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L. was subjected to varying doses of cadmium (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) for 7 d, and the plants were analyzed for subcellular distribution of Cd, accumulation of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, protein content, and ultrastructural distribution of calcium (Ca). Leaf fractionation by differential centrifugation indicated that 48-69% of Cd was accumulated in the cell wall. At all doses of Cd, the levels of Ca and B rose and the level of Mn fell; the levels of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mo, and P rose initially only to decline later. Exposure to Cd caused oxidative stress as evident by increased content of malondialdehyde and decreased contents of chlorophyll and protein. Photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by the quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fo and Fm), decreased significantly, the extent of decrease being directly proportional to the concentration of Cd. Increased amounts of precipitates of calcium were noticed in the treated plants, located either outside the cell membrane or in chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm whereas control plants showed small deposits of the precipitates around surface of the vacuole membrane and in the intercellular space but rarely in the cytoplasm. Photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress could be used as indicators of physiological end-points in determining the extent of Cd phytotoxicity.     

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and half maximal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics and their degradation products to assess the eco-toxicological potential

Abstract

Numerous studies have been reported on today’s ubiquitous presence of antibiotics in surface waters causing the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Advanced water treatment procedures aim at the complete prevention and elimination of antibiotics from entering natural water bodies. In this study, photoinduced degradation processes using UVC-irradiation were applied toward selected fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, macrolide, and sulfonamide antibiotics. Photodegradation products were elucidated using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Rate constants and quantum efficiencies were determined for the active substances and their photo-transformation products. As a measure of ecotoxicity, minimum inhibitory and half-maximal inhibitory concentrations were determined against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis in a standard assay format. These values were further recorded as a function of UV exposure time. The irradiation time-dependent increase of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values agreed well with the kinetic models. After 10?min of irradiation, the compound solutions ceased to inhibit bacterial cell growth, indicating removal of the pharmaceutical activity. These findings were found in agreement with quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis. The combination of microbiological activity testing, molecular structure analysis, chemical kinetic investigation, and quantitative structure–activity relationship models proved to be able to predict irradiation times and evaluate potential ecotoxicological hazard of the irradiated drugs.     

基于重要抽样法的耐压球壳可靠性计算方法研究

目的 解决耐压球壳极小失效概率的可靠性计算问题。方法 在自适应Kriging的基础上,结合重要抽样法提出耐压球壳可靠性计算方法。该方法在较大失效概率下构建的Kriging模型基础上获得重要方向,在重要方向上计算得到较低失效概率下的设计点,以设计点为中心,构建小失效概率的Kriging模型,并通过此模型采用重要抽样法开展可靠性计算。结果 分别使用提出的重要抽样法和蒙特卡洛法计算了2个算例的失效概率,计算结果表明,该方法具有较高的精度和效率。使用该方法对某耐压球壳工作载荷下的失效概率进行了计算,计算得到该球壳失效概率为4.094×10^–96。结论 研究结果可为无失效方程下极低失效概率的可靠性计算问题提供参考。     

我国中小城市生活垃圾优化管理模型

根据我国中小城市生活垃圾基本特点,以区域优化、长期优化和综合处理优化管理为基本准则,以规划系统总处理费用最小为目标,提出我国中小城市生活垃圾处理的优化管理模型程序.模型程序为首先进行基础数据调查与评价,分析系统内生活垃圾状况,之后建立模型方程,通过参数赋值、求解,求出最终优化管理方案,为我国中小城市生活垃圾的运行组织管理和资本运行管理提供科学手段.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

醇酚类化合物毒性的QSAR研究

化合物毒性与描述符通常呈现为非线性关系,量子化学计算的化合物分子描述符中包含诸多无关特征与冗余特征.最大相关最小冗余(m RMR)是应用较广泛的特征选择方法,但当前的m RMR对连续型因变量不适用,且存在相关性测度与冗余性测度不可比的缺陷.定量构效关系(QSAR)研究中因变量(毒性)与自变量(描述符)多为连续型变量,本文以非线性的距离相关系数(d Cor)取代线性的Pearson相关系数(R),在非线性条件下实现了相关性测度与冗余性测度可比,由此提出了新的特征选择方法 m RMR-d Cor.3个醇酚类化合物毒性QSAR数据集的分析表明,基于m RMR-d Cor选择特征的支持向量回归(SVR)模型独立预测Q2分别为0.954、0.941、0.981,明显优于参比模型与文献报道,m RMR-d Cor选择的多数保留分子描述符得到文献报道支持.m RMR-d Cor在化合物QSAR、定量构质关系等研究中有广泛应用前景.     

环境土壤标准物质的研究与制备

用高铝陶瓷球磨加工在１２０℃下烘干３０ｈ的风砂土、黑土和暗棕壤土壤样品。用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法等分析样品中Ｃｕ,Ｆ３,Ｔｉ等元素,做均匀度检验,结果表明样品均匀。定值分析采用ＮＡ、ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ等１８种不同原理的分析技术。在１年多时间里,用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法做稳定性实验,表明样品稳定。在ＩＢＭ计算机上处理获取的全部数据。用Ｇｒｕｂｂｓ、多重比较Ｓ法等剔除离群值,求出最佳估计值。以最佳估计值按定值原则确     

浅析低瓦斯煤矿瓦斯防治安全评价

笔者结合煤矿安全评价工作的经验,通过运用预先危险分析对低瓦斯煤矿瓦斯防治进行分析,得出瓦斯爆炸是最严重的瓦斯事故。进而通过对瓦斯爆炸的事故树分析,得出了导致瓦斯爆炸的27个基本事件。应用事故树分析中的最小割集、最小径集和结构重要度,对瓦斯爆炸进行了研究。结果表明,瓦斯爆炸不发生所必须的最低限度的基本事件集合即最小径集有6个,其中严格控制瓦斯浓度,杜绝一切火源,是预防煤矿瓦斯爆炸的最重要途径。从源头上防止瓦斯爆炸的发生,提高我国煤矿安全生产水平。     

基于多需求点的震灾应急物资调度模型研究

为了解决震后应急物资调度中,因不考虑各应急需求点灾情差异和需求差异带来的决策结果不够合理的问题,采用改进的专家打分法将收集到的灾情信息量化为灾情因子,在此基础上建立应急成本和应急延误时间的多目标模型。采用逐步法求解,为每一个应急需求点确定提供应急物资的供应点及供应量。将此方法运用到云南发生的某地震灾后救援中,计算得出与3个应急需求点对应的应急供应点及其供应量。