Assessing citizen contributions to butterfly monitoring in two large cities

Citizen science may be especially effective in urban landscapes due to the large pool of potential volunteers. However, there have been few evaluations of the contributions of citizen scientists to knowledge of biological communities in and around cities. To assess the effectiveness of citizen scientists' monitoring of species in urban areas, we compared butterfly data collected over 10 years in Chicago, Illinois (U.S.A.), and New York City, New York (U.S.A.). The dates, locations, and methods of data collection in Chicago were standardized, whereas data from New York were collected at any location at any time. For each city, we evaluated whether the number of observers, observation days (days on which observations were reported), and sampling locations were associated with the reported proportion of the estimated regional pool of butterfly species. We also compared the number of volunteers, duration of volunteer involvement, and consistency of sampling efforts at individual locations within each city over time. From 2001 to 2010, there were 73 volunteers in Chicago and 89 in New York. During this period, volunteers observed 86% and 89% of the estimated number of butterfly species present in Chicago and New York, respectively. Volunteers in New York reported a greater proportion of the estimated pool of butterfly species per year. In addition, more species were observed per volunteer and observation day in New York, largely due to the unrestricted sampling season in New York. Chicago volunteers were active for more years and monitored individual locations more consistently over time than volunteers in New York. Differences in monitoring protocol--especially length of sampling season and selection protocol for monitoring locations--influenced the relationship between species accrual and sampling effort, which suggests these factors are important in volunteer-based species-monitoring programs.     

Aqualab常见故障的判断与维护

Aqualab分析单元在做每一项分析时都要用一个标准样品来校正各项目使用电极,电极会显示一个校正后的检查值,我们可以根据检查值来确认分析仪器是否处在正常工作状态.如果检查值不在我们仪器规定的范围内,可以认为仪器是不正常的,本文通过实践中的一些检查值数据的异常变化来描述自动监测仪系统出现的故障及表象可能产生的故障原因及解决办法,为同类现象的问题用以借鉴.     

我国降雨自动监测仪现状及国产仪器主要参数的确定

文章阐述了我国降雨自动监测仪的现状,从命名、pH值、电导率的测定、采样桶的选择等多方面对国产降雨监测仪在生产过程中的关键技术参数的确定进行了阐述,对仪器生产和购置选型具有参考价值。     

Comparison of Open-Path and Point Measurements of a Gaseous Pollutant in the Vicinity of a Model Building

Field experiments were carried out in the vicinity of anisolated building using open-path and point monitoring airpollution detectors to measure concentrations of a tracer gasreleased from a source located either on the building or at thedownwind face of the building. Experiments were conducted underneutral or slightly unstable weather conditions. Either threeor five fast-response point monitors were located along thebeam path of an open-path instrument, in the wake of thebuilding. Experiments were performed with different sourcelocations, detector locations and building orientations to thewind. Visual comparison of data time series showed that datafrom the two types of instruments followed similar trends. Thebest degree of correlation occurred for an averaging timesimilar to the response time of the open-path monitor. Meanconcentrations detected by the open-path instrument weregenerally in very good agreement with the path averaged meanconcentrations from the point monitors. The point monitors werealso capable of providing time-resolved data needed to describedetailed concentration fluctuation statistics.     

Performance of data acceptance criteria over 50 months from an automatic real-time environmental radiation surveillance network

The automatic real-time environmental radiation surveillance network of Catalonia (Spain) comprises two subnetworks; one with 9 aerosol monitors and the other with 8 Geiger monitors together with 2 water monitors located in the Ebre river. Since September 2006, several improvements were implemented in order to get better quality and quantity of data, allowing a more accurate data analysis. However, several causes (natural causes, equipment failure, artificial external causes and incidents in nuclear power plants) may produce radiological measured values mismatched with the own station background, whether spurious without significance or true radiological values. Thus, data analysis for a 50-month period was made and allowed to establish an easily implementable statistical criterion to find those values that require special attention. This criterion proved a very useful tool for creating a properly debugged database and to give a quick response to equipment failures or possible radiological incidents. This paper presents the results obtained from the criterion application, including the figures for the expected, raw and debugged data, percentages of missing data grouped by causes and radiological measurements from the networks. Finally, based on the discussed information, recommendations for the improvement of the network are identified to obtain better radiological information and analysis capabilities.     

不确定节点水量下水质监测点优化选址方法

针对供水管网水质监测点的优化选址问题,提出污染源位置识别准确度的概念,以水质监测点探测到的不同污染事件的时段区间冗余度最小化,和污染事件探测概率最大化为优化目标,结合一个案例管网,采用非支配排序遗传算法计算节点用水量变化条件下的监测点优化选址方案,算例结果显示节点用水量的不确定性不显著影响监测点的污染事件探测能力和可能性节点识别能力,但使监测点的污染源位置识别准确度降低.     

废旧计算机CRT监视器的管理和资源化技术

分析了废旧计算机CRT监视器的材料组成 ,并且阐明了它对环境和人体健康的潜在危害 ,同时比较了国内外相关管理现状 ,总结了目前已有的资源化技术 ,主要是拆解技术 ,并且介绍了目前国内外的资源化实践 ,并提出有关建议。