岩溶地下河污染物运移模型对比研究

两区模型（TRM）和暂时存储模型（TSM）为两种常用的岩溶地下河（管道）污染物运移模型,为了更好表征岩溶地下河污染物运移过程,开展模型对比研究.采用两种模型拟合室内管道示踪实验穿透曲线,从概念模型框架、模型优缺点、参数校正过程和物理意义、参数敏感性等方面对比分析两种模型的异同.结果表明,OTIS软件提供TSM的数值解,而CXTFIT软件提供TRM的解析解,但两者均能通过下游不同位置的穿透曲线分段表征地下河不同阶段的污染物运移过程.两种模型的物理意义相近,均可近似描述岩溶地下河中溶质的暂时性存储现象,较好地拟合溶质运移曲线.采用TSM可校正得到暂时存储区的横截面积,但采用TRM只能获得非流动区所占的比例.两种模型中弥散系数和传质/交换系数的敏感度较低,并且弥散系数的变化对穿透曲线拖尾无显著影响.研究结果为岩溶地下河污染物运移模型的选取与应用提供了依据.     

Numerical modeling of radionuclide migration in porous media with nonequilibrium sorption

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Effects of degree of water saturation on dispersivity and immobile water in sandy soil columns

Three natural nonaggregated soil samples, with similar grain-size distributions, have been used to determine the dispersive behavior of porous media under steady, saturated and unsaturated flow conditions. Tritium was used as a tracer and was found to have no sorption on the solid matrix. Generated breakthrough curves (BTCs) for the unsaturated experiments were symmetrical with no evidence of tailing. The unsaturated experiments for two of the soils were adequately described by considering all the water in the pore volume as mobile. However, about 10% of the pore water, independent of the degree of saturation, was found to be immobile in the case of the third soil during unsaturated flow. For this soil, there was no mass transfer between the two water regions, indicating that the immobile water is essentially isolated from the flowing water fraction. For all three soils, dispersivity under unsaturated conditions was found to be higher, independent of the degree of water saturation, than the value determined for the saturated experiments. This is inconsistent with what would be expected from the simple bundle-of-capillary-tubes model and does not agree well with a more sophisticated conceptualization of the porous medium. The data, however, clearly indicate a wider range in pore-water velocities when these soils are desaturated.     

工业-环境系统的非线性描述

利用自组织的理论与方法建立了一个描述工业－环境系统时间演化的非线性动力学模型。该模型刻画了产值,环保投资,改进生产技术以及环境容量的数量关系,模型简单易于应用。本文还应用所建立的模型研究了白银地区工业发展和环境问题。     

内燃机尾气电离放电脱除NOX研究

论及强电离放电非平衡等离子体技术应用于净化内燃机尾气中NOX的研究.分析了强电离放电产生等离子体净化内燃机尾气原理,主要讨论了折合电场强度对NOX脱除率的影响.当折合电场强度达到6.24×104 V/cm时,NO的脱除率达到91%;当折合电场强度达到6.76×104 V/cm时,NOX的总体脱除率达到49.3%的最高水平.     

Variation in vegetation cover and livestock mobility needs in Sahelian West Africa

A new approach was developed to evaluate the implications of the spatiotemporal variability of green vegetation for the dispersion of livestock that is required to access quality forage in semi-arid Africa. Maximum NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) at 1 km² resolution was determined for concentric rings (0–31 km radii) around 227 individual sample locations within the study area for 14 dates (between 1 April to 1 November) annually over the 2000–2010 period. A sigmoidal curve was fitted to points within the maximum NDVI × distance radii space to determine the asymptote distance (AD) – the radius at which further dispersion from the sample location does not lead to significant gains in access to green forage. AD was found to: increase with latitude (or increasing aridity); decline as the rainy season proceeds; and show no trend over the 2000–2010 period. These results introduce much-needed empirical data to current debates surrounding the scales of governance to support livestock mobility.     

非平衡固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱测定水中甲拌磷的研究

利用100μmPDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)涂层,建立了非平衡固相微萃取＿气相色谱＿质谱联用测定水中甲拌磷的新方法。在萃取效果确证的基础上,对溶液体积、萃取时间、搅拌速度和溶液离子强度等实验条件进行了优化。方法的线性范围为0 005～50μg/L,相关系数为0 997,检测限(信噪比3∶1)为0 002μg/L,对于0 1μg/L的甲拌磷相对标准偏差(n=6)为7 16%。所建立的方法直接用于田间表面水和河水样品中甲拌磷的测定,结果满意。     

非平衡吸附对核素迁移的影响及平衡速率参数的确定

放射性核素以水为载体在多孔介质中迁移时,吸附和解吸作用不容忽视吸附和解吸是一非平衡过程．非平衡状态下吸附和解吸达到平衡的快慢程度可以用平衡速率参数a来表征本文首次定量分析了非平衡吸附对核素迁移的影响,提出基于室内分配系数实验求取a值的方法,并将室内实验得出的a值同原位核素迁移试验拟合值进行比较;结果表明用此方法求出的a值可作为非平衡吸附核素迁移数学模型的主要参数依据。     

Effect of pore-water velocity on chemical nonequilibrium transport of Cd,Zn, and Pb in alluvial gravel columns

This paper investigates the effects of pore-water velocity on chemical nonequilibrium during transport of Cd, Zn, and Pb through alluvial gravel columns. Three pore-water velocities ranging from 3 to 60 m/day were applied to triplicate columns for each metal. Model results for the symmetric breakthrough curves (BTCs) of tritium (3H2O) data suggest that physical nonequilibrium components were absent in the uniformly packed columns used in these studies. As a result, values of pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient were estimated from fitting 3H2O BTCs to an equilibrium model. The BTCs of metals display long tailing, indicating presence of chemical nonequilibrium in the system, which was further supported by the decreased metal concentrations during flow interruption. The BTCs of the metals were analysed using a two-site model, and transport parameters were derived using the CXTFIT curve-fitting program. The model results indicate that the partitioning coefficient (beta), forward rate (k1), and backward rate (k2) are positively correlated with pore-water velocity (V); while the retardation factor (R), mass transfer coefficient ((omega), and ratio of k1/k2 are inversely correlated with V. There is no apparent relationship between the fraction of exchange sites at equilibrium (f) and V. The influence of Von k2 is much greater than on R, beta, omega, and k1. A one-order-of-magnitude change in V would cause a two-order-of-magnitude change in k2 while resulting in only a one order-of-magnitude change in R, beta, omega, and k1. The forward rates for the metals are found to be two to three orders-of-magnitude greater than the corresponding backward rate. However, the difference between the two rates reduces with increasing pore-water velocity. Model results also suggest that Cd and Zn behave similarly, while Pb is much more strongly sorbed. At input concentrations of about 4 mg/l and pore-water velocities of 3-60 m/day in the groundwater within alluvial gravel, this study suggests retardation factors of 26-289 for Cd, 24-255 for Zn, and 322-6377 for Pb.     

大孔隙对纳米CeO2在多孔介质中迁移行为的影响

研究了不同类型大孔隙对纳米CeO_2在石英砂柱中迁移的影响,并运用两区物理化学非平衡模型对纳米CeO_2流出曲线进行拟合和参数估算.结果表明,含横孔(垂直水流运动方向)石英砂柱中纳米CeO_2的流出曲线与均匀石英砂柱十分接近,横孔对于纳米CeO_2在石英砂介质中的迁移影响较弱.与均匀石英砂柱相比,含竖孔(平行水流运动方向)石英砂柱中纳米CeO_2流出曲线明显不同于均匀石英砂柱,其初始穿透时间明显提前,初始穿透浓度和初始回收率显著增加,竖孔对于纳米CeO_2在石英砂介质中的迁移起促进作用,特别是贯通竖孔.两区物理化学非平衡模型可以很好地拟合纳米CeO_2在含有大孔隙石英砂柱中的迁移.通过分析模型参数质量交换系数(ωph、αch)和分配系数(Kd)得出,含横孔石英砂柱中纳米CeO_2在两区间的质量交换能力和吸附作用较强,而含有竖孔石英砂柱中纳米CeO_2在两区间的质量交换能力和吸附作用较弱.