Rapid detection of toxic metals in non-crushed oyster shells by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

The aim of this study was the multi-elemental detection of toxic metals such as lead (Pb) in non-crushed oyster shells by using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. A rapid, simultaneous multi-element analytical methodology for non-crushed oyster shells has been developed using a portable XRF which provides a quick, quantitative, non-destructive, and cost-effective mean for assessment of oyster shell contamination from Pb. Pb contamination in oyster shells was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results indicated that Pb is distributed in-homogeneously in contaminated shells. Oyster shells have a lamellar structure that could contribute to the high accumulation of Pb on oyster shells.     

氨基硫脲改性山竹壳对Cd2+. Pb2+的吸附

采用氨基硫脲改性山竹壳,制备新型的改性山竹壳吸附剂,研究其对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附性能。结果表明,吸附Cd2+、Pb2+的适宜条件为:pH 6.0,吸附时间120 min。改性后山竹吸附剂对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附容量能有了很大程度的提高,Cd2+、Pb2+最大吸附量分别达到39.37、57.14mg/g。吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程。     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

纳米Cu2O/珍珠贝壳复合光催化材料的制备与表征

以煅烧后的珍珠贝壳为载体,采用原位水解法制备出纳米Cu2O/珍珠贝壳复合光催化材料.通过活性大红染料B-3G的脱色实验对光催化材料的活性进行讨论,并采用XRD、SEM、EDS、FT-IR和UV-Vis对材料进行表征.结果表明,以1050℃煅烧的珍珠贝壳为载体制备的纳米Cu2O/珍珠贝壳复合材料的光催化活性最强.Cu2O...     

发挥地方资源优势,促进油茶产业化

本文对实行油茶产业化的必要性和可能性进行了详细论述,并为发展南方丘陵地方特色经济林-油茶林资源,促进其产业化提供了有利的对策。     

电视机外壳热解油中1,2,4,5-四溴苯催化脱溴研究

电视机外壳热解油中含有的2,4,6-三溴苯酚、1,2,4,5-四溴苯、五溴二苯醚（P5BDE）等会严重影响其质量,为了净化电视机外壳热解油,试验用纯的1,2,4,5-四溴苯作原料,在单金属Pd/C作催化剂, 异丙醇作氢源条件下进行催化脱溴研究.同时,研究了反应体系pH值（NaOH加入量）对1,2,4,5-四溴苯脱溴效率的影响,最后探讨了1,2,4,5-四溴苯催化脱溴的反应机理.结果表明,当温度设定为50℃,搅拌速度设定为900 r·min-1,反应4h,脱溴效率可达100%;pH值在0~9之间时,pH越大,1,2,4,5-四溴苯脱溴效率越高; pH值≥9时, pH值增大,脱溴效率保持不变.实验用Pd/C作催化剂,经处理后可重复使用,并且产物为苯,在工业上的应用非常广泛,该实验具有很高的实用性.     

Fabrication of supported acid catalytic composite fibers by a simple and low-cost method and their application on the synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

In this paper, sulfonic groups functionalized annealed bio-based carbon microspheres loaded polytetrafluoroethylene (A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE) fibers with high activity, high stability, and easy regeneration were successfully fabricated by a simple method using low-cost raw materials. The characterization results showed that the annealed biomass carbon microspheres derived from waste Camellia oleifera shells were evenly distributed on the polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and the sulfonic groups can be successfully loaded on the surface of annealed biomass carbon microspheres by room temperature sulfonation. Subsequently, the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers were applied to the acid-catalyzed synthesis of liquid biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. The catalytic experiment results indicated that the annealing temperature and time during catalyst preparation have a significant effect on the activity and selectivity of A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers. The results of catalytic reaction kinetics showed that the yield of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural can reach more than 60％after 72 h of acid-catalyzed reaction. The stability test showed that the as-prepared A-BCMSs-SO3H@PTFE fibers still maintained a stable acid catalytic activity after four recycles.     

油茶果壳改性生物炭吸附性能及其耦合淹水对土壤Cd形态影响

研究选取湖南典型农业废弃物油茶果壳为原材料,尝试采用Na₂SiO₃溶液浸泡油茶果壳粉末方法,制备改性生物炭（MBC）,并开展不同生物炭材料对溶液中镉（Cd）的吸附与其耦合淹水对土壤中Cd的活性阻控性能研究.用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积测试（BET）和傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）等表征手段对生物炭的物理化学性质进行分析.结果显示,MBC相比未改性生物炭（BC）拥有更大的比表面积与更加丰富的官能团种类,且对溶液中Cd²⁺具有更强的吸附能力.土壤淹水实验结果表明,淹水可使土壤pH值升高,同时降低酸可溶态Cd组分含量,且随着淹水时间的延长,土壤酸可溶态Cd含量呈逐渐向残渣态转化趋势,而生物炭添加耦合淹水比淹水对照处理能明显进一步促进可溶态Cd向残渣态转化,降低酸可溶态Cd含量.酸可溶态Cd组分含量与生物炭的添加量呈显著负相关关系,淹水60 d时,5.0%添加量的MBC实验组土壤酸可溶态Cd含量约为0.33 mg·kg^-1,相比仅淹水的对照处理降幅约为45.0%.综上可知,硅酸钠溶液改性油茶果壳生物炭是一种Cd污染水土和土壤治理的新型有效材料,研究结果同时为油茶果壳的资源化途径提供了方法参考.     

滩涂及贝类中残留三唑磷的GC/MS分析

建立了滩涂和贝类中残留有机磷类农药三唑磷的毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用检测法。向冷冻干燥后的样品中加入邻苯二甲酸二戊酯作为定量内标物,用乙酸乙酯:正己烷(体积分数1:1)提取,浓缩定容后用EI源在SIM检测模式下进行检测。结果表明,三唑磷与内标物在SBP-50柱上得到良好的分离,色谱峰尖锐,没有杂峰干扰。在(2.50~50.00)ng/mL浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=8.261×10-4x,相关系数为0.999 8。方法的最低检测限0.18×10-9。平均回收率为90.96％~102.15％,相对标准偏差为3.81％~4.82％。对采自浙江沿海7个采样点沉积物和三种海产贝类进行了测定,三唑磷含量在(0-1.31)×10-6范围内。     

中国普通油茶含油率品质气候区域划分与层带研究

选用普通油茶含油率品质气象研究模式,计算分析了我国亚热带油茶主产区含油率的水平与垂直分布,进行了含油率品质气候区域和优质气候层带划分