Game theory approach to optimal capital cost allocation in pollution control

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分级喷水增湿对半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响

研究了增湿水量、增湿水级数以及增湿水分配方式等参数对半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响。得出了一定试验条件下这些参数的优化值，它们分别为：增湿水量30％、三级增湿、递减分配方式。在此优化工况下，可以使塔内和系统脱硫效率分别达到68％和90％以上，比无增湿时分别提高6％和5％左右。     

Estimating the Recreational-Use Value for Hiking in Bellenden Ker National Park, Australia

The recreational-use value of hiking in the Bellenden Ker National Park, Australia has been estimated using a zonal travel cost model. Multiple destination visitors have been accounted for by converting visitors’ own ordinal ranking of the various sites visited to numerical weights, using an expected-value approach. The value of hiking and camping in this national park was found to be $AUS 250,825 per year, or $AUS 144,45 per visitor per year, which is similar to findings from other studies valuing recreational benefits. The management of the park can use these estimates when considering the introduction of a system of user pays fees. In addition, they might be important when decisions need to be made about the allocation of resources for maintenance or upgrade of tracks and facilities.     

顺序注射平台-分光光度法测定水中总磷

参照希思迪在线总磷分析仪和荷兰Skalar在线过程分析仪测定水中总磷的方法,对顺序注射平台分析技术进行改进,从而建立了钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中正磷酸盐的快速分析方法,该方法集微功耗、微量试剂消耗于一体。注射平台具有模块化、投入式探头等结构特征,仪器包含3个检测量程,适用于环境监测等领域的实时在线分析。实验选择磷酸蓝的测定吸收波长为880 nm,当总磷质量浓度为0.10~2.00 mg/L时,浓度与吸光度呈线性关系,线性回归方程y=0.970 3x-0.025 3,相关系数为0.999 5,方法的检出限为1.36×10-2mg/L。     

餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最优有机负荷及失稳指标

为探究餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最佳有机负荷及失稳预警指标,在(36±1) ℃单相连续搅拌条件下进行有机负荷(OLR)梯度实验。通过理论及数学分析确定90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化的最佳OLR和失稳指标。当OLR（以VS计）为2.94 g?(L?d)-1时,挥发性固体去除率、甲烷产率、容积沼气产率分别为78%、0.58 L?g-1VS、2.99 L?(L?d)-1,此时厌氧反应器达到最佳运行状态。一定浓度的游离氨(FAN)会抑制微生物活性,触发挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累,造成容积沼气产率降低,第36天,当OLR增至3.21 g?(L?d)-1时,FAN浓度升至区域峰值207 mg?L-1,但随后骤降35.9%（39 d）,分别造成VFA和挥发性脂肪酸浓度与碳酸氢盐碱度的比值(VFA/TA)从第37天的1 897 mg?L-1、0.22升高至第47天的4 755 mg?L-1、0.73,系统进入抑制稳定状态,最终导致容积沼气产率从第47天的2.66 L?(L?d)-1降至第48天的1.88 L?(L?d)-1,系统恶化。协同分析表明,当VFA和VFA/TA分别达到2 500 mg?L-1和0.35并出现持续上升的现象时,能提前7～8 d对90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化系统的失稳提出预警。     

基于农业自然风险综合评价的高标准基本农田建设区划定方法研究

大规模建设高产稳产、旱涝保收的高标准基本农田是当前土地整治的重要任务,论文从分析区域防灾减灾能力入手,将农业生产自然风险综合评价引入高标准基本农田建设区划定,在识别区域主要风险类型的基础上,应用可变模糊集理论,借助GIS 方法,划分综合风险等级,根据风险强度和整治可行性划定高标准基本农田建设区。结合对关中地区的实例分析,研究表明：①使用可变模糊集理论,综合考虑各单因子风险差异,可减少风险定量化的模糊不确定性;②综合风险由致灾因子危险性和承灾体脆弱性共同决定,风险评价结果可为筛选高标准基本农田建设适宜区提供依据;③综合风险等级、集中连片程度和整治潜力共同确定土地整治时序,可为划定高标准基本农田建设区和确定整治规划提供参考。     

海洋硫酸盐还原菌群处理烟气脱硫废水

针对高盐硫酸根废水的特性,从海底沉积物中富集得到1个硫酸盐还原菌菌群SRB-2,并研究了盐度、温度、pH值、碳源、硫酸根浓度和铁形态对其活性的影响.结果表明,SRB-2为嗜盐中温硫酸盐还原菌群, 可以利用乙醇及乳酸为单一碳源,最佳生长温度为30～40℃,最佳生长pH值为7.4～8.3,SRB-2菌群能够在硫酸根浓度为5 200 mg/L或盐度为60　g/L的条件下正常生长,还原铁粉对该菌群还原硫酸根的能力具有加强作用,而二价铁离子则抑制细菌活性.扫描电子显微镜及光学显微镜对菌体形态研究发现,在反应器填料表面,该菌群中有大量短竿状及螺旋状细菌黏附,而在底部,主要为表面覆盖大量黑色粘稠物质,由短竿状细菌组成,推测其可能是菌种SRB-2-64（GenBank 序列号：EU167911）的堆积.     

陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源消费的环境经济成本分析

陇中黄土丘陵地区经济贫困、环境脆弱、生活能源短缺,生物质过量消费成为生态环境退化的重要驱动因素。论文通过问卷调查获取相关数据,并建立计量模型,基于替代性分析估算了不同用能结构情景下的环境经济成本。结果表明,现状户均生活能源消费2 112.44kgce/a,人均428.59kgce/a,用能水平较低。目前农户消费能源选择的主要依据是能源的现金支出和可获得性。与农户现状用能结构相比较,4种替代结构的能源消费总成本、环境成本、经济成本及现金支出差异较大。利用沼气和太阳能的结构各项成本低,应是今后农村能源建设的方向。     

Comparison of a two-stage sampling design and its composite sample alternative: An application to soil studies

The objective of a long-term soil survey is to determine the mean concentrations of several chemical parameters for the pre-defined soil layers and to compare them with the corresponding values in the past. A two-stage random sampling procedure is used to achieve this goal. In the first step, n subplots are selected from N subplots by simple random sampling without replacement; in the second step, m sampling sites are chosen within each of the n selected subplots. Thus n · m soil samples are collected for each soil layer. The idea of the composite sample design comes from the challenge of reducing very expensive laboratory analyses: m laboratory samples from one subplot and one soil layer are physically mixed to form a composite sample. From each of the n selected subplots, one composite sample per soil layer is analyzed in the laboratory, thus n per soil layer in total. In this paper we show that the cost is reduced by the factor m — 1 when instead of the two-stage sampling its composite sample alternative is used; however, the variance of the composite sample mean is increased. In the case of positive intraclass correlation the increase is less than 12.5%; in the case of negative intraclass correlation the increase depends on the properties of the variable as well. For the univariate case we derive the optimal number of subplots and sampling sites. A case study is discussed at the end.     

Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal fats in a pilot plant

In this study, corn oil as vegetable oil, chicken fat and fleshing oil as animal fats were used to produce methyl ester in a biodiesel pilot plant. The FFA level of the corn oil was below 1% while those of animal fats were too high to produce biodiesel via base catalyst. Therefore, it was needed to perform pretreatment reaction for the animal fats. For this aim, sulfuric acid was used as catalyst and methanol was used as alcohol in the pretreatment reactions. After reducing the FFA level of the animal fats to less than 1%, the transesterification reaction was completed with alkaline catalyst. Due to low FFA content of corn oil, it was directly subjected to transesterification. Potassium hydroxide was used as catalyst and methanol was used as alcohol for transesterification reactions. The fuel properties of methyl esters produced in the biodiesel pilot plant were characterized and compared to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards. According to the results, ester yield values of animal fat methyl esters were slightly lower than that of the corn oil methyl ester (COME). The production cost of COME was higher than those of animal fat methyl esters due to being high cost biodiesel feedstock. The fuel properties of produced methyl esters were close to each other. Especially, the sulfur content and cold flow properties of the COME were lower than those of animal fat methyl esters. The measured fuel properties of all produced methyl esters met ASTM D6751 (S500) biodiesel fuel standards.