中国城乡居民食品消费碳足迹的变化趋势

如期实现2030年前碳达峰与2060年前碳中和是中国做出的重大战略决策与大国责任的重要体现。目前,居民食品消费已经成为全球能源消费的主要增长点,同时也是制约“双碳”目标顺利实现的重要影响因素。该研究根据1990—2020年《中国统计年鉴》的数据资料,对比分析了中国城乡居民食品消费碳足迹、碳足迹构成及相关影响因素。研究发现：①中国城乡居民食品消费产生的温室气体年均达到23.26亿t,占到中国温室气体排放量的20.51%。②近30年来城镇居民人均食品消费产生的温室气体持续高于农村居民,但近10年来差异逐渐缩小;城镇居民食品消费碳足迹主要来自动物类食品,尤其是水产品、猪肉与牛肉,2015年以来动物类食品消费碳足迹逐渐超过植物类食品成为农村居民食品消费碳足迹的主要来源,这意味着中国食品消费结构已全面进入动物类产品主导的时代。③近年来,中国城乡居民人均动物类食品消费量均有所上升,但碳排放强度相对较高的猪牛羊肉消费所占比例均有所下降,碳排放强度相对较低的禽肉及蛋奶制品消费比例均大幅上升,说明目前中国食品消费结构具备一定的可持续发展潜力。④蔬菜及干鲜瓜果消费量的增加会显著降低农村居民食品消费碳足迹,蛋类食品消费量的增加会显著降低城镇居民食品消费碳足迹,提示城乡居民可适当多消费上述食品以降低食品消费碳足迹。⑤人口城乡结构及人均可支配收入均显著影响城乡居民动物类及植物类食品消费的碳足迹。研究认为,短期内中国食品消费碳足迹还会呈现上涨趋势,但长远来看,合理的膳食结构调整、人均可支配收入的持续增加、城乡人口结构性改革能够在很大程度上降低食品消费碳足迹,因此如期推动食品消费领域“双碳”目标的实现是可预见的。     

Study on the Relationship between Tourist Influence and Residents＇ Sense of Community： An Empirical Study from Changdao County in Shandong Province

Residents＇ sense of community is an important prereq- uisite to promote the development of community. Tourism has sig- nificant influence on residents＇ sense of community. An empirical study from Chang...     

The spatiotemporal structure of population in the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

The spatiotemporal structure of the muskrat population has been studied by means of the prenatal radioactive marking of juveniles with 45 Ca and their subsequent recapture in the test area. The muskrat population is characterized by a cyclic type of spatial structure, with seasonal transition from a mosaic type of settling to a diffuse type and, after the breeding season, vice versa.     

Study on the Relationship between Tourist Influence and Residents’ Sense of Community:An Empirical Study from Changdao Countyin Shandong Province

Residents’ sense of community is an important prerequisite to promote the development of community.Tourism has significant influence on residents’ sense of community.An empirical study from Changdao shows that economy and life conflict caused by tourism can affect neighborhood-friendly and community participation significantly.Culture,environment and social services from tourism can significantly affect community association,community care and place recognition.Therefore,the regional managers should pay attention to allocate revenues in the residents fairly and protect own culture to avoid the negative impact from tourism.     

遗产旅游地生态移民影响的实证研究——以武陵源风景名胜区为例

生态移民是近年来诸多景区为保护生态环境而采取的重要举措之一。以世界遗产地武陵源风景名胜区为例,通过对安置点居民的问卷调查与实地访谈获取第一手资料,从居民感知的角度分析生态移民给安置区居民所带来的经济、社会文化、资源环境、心理及安置政策等方面的影响及其相关因素。构建生态移民影响的感知差异分析模型,探讨不同基本背景的居民对生态移民影响的感知差异性。结果表明,安置点居民对生态移民的社会文化、资源环境以及心理层面的正面影响比较认可;对于经济影响的感知分歧较大;而对于移民政策的感知十分消极;不同性别、年龄、文化程度、收入水平以及不同旅游业参与程度的居民对生态移民影响的认知态度存在显著差异。在此基础上,指出武陵源生态移民过程中所存在的主要问题及相关政策导向     

基于居民合理生活消费的人均碳排放计算

分析了我国居民消费直接与间接碳排放的变化及现状,并通过居民消费的微观角度,分析计算基于居民合理生活消费人均碳排放.试图通过居民消费的角度建立人均碳排放的核算方法,给出建议数据.根据国内当前主要消费环节的碳排放水平,对比国际先进水平和国内碳减排升级潜力,计算了满足居民正常小康生活水平条件下的人均碳排放,年人均排放约2203kg~2333kg碳.居民基本生活的碳排放主要集中在供暖制冷、住宅使用、污染治理和基础建设分摊等方面,而衣物与食品消耗、生活物质材料等方面的碳排放量所占比重相对较低.     

新型城镇化与城镇居民生活能耗低碳化耦合协同的时空特征及障碍因子

厘清新型城镇化与城镇居民生活能耗低碳化之间耦合协调关系的动态及机制,可从城镇化视角为国家的低碳经济等高质量发展战略提供基础数据和理论支撑.综合利用熵值法、耦合协调度模型、核密度估计以及障碍度模型等,探究2005～2021年中国新型城镇化与城镇居民生活能耗低碳化两个系统的时空特征、耦合协调度以及障碍因子.结果表明：(1)新型城镇化和城镇居民生活能耗低碳化两个系统的发展水平均呈上升趋势,且都具有较为明显的空间分异特征.(2)新型城镇化和城镇居民生活能耗低碳化的耦合协调度上升态势明显,由2005年的0.553波动增长至2021年的0.714.耦合协调度整体空间格局上具有较强的正相关性且空间关联性有所增强,局部空间结构及局部空间依赖方向的波动性较弱,并存在一定的路径依赖特征.(3)经济城镇化是新型城镇化系统准则层中障碍度最大的维度,平均障碍度达34.77%;建成区面积占比是该系统中障碍度最大的指标,平均障碍度为23.48%.城镇居民生活能耗低碳化系统中单位能源消耗碳排放量指标的障碍作用最强,障碍度均值为29.13%,碳排放密度指标的障碍作用最弱,障碍度均值为3.34%.因此,建议各省份因地制宜构建发展方案,建立跨区域和多维度的协同合作机制,有序推动新型城镇化建设,促进“双碳”目标实现.     

城乡居民突发事件应对能力研究——以浙江省为例

将突发事件应对能力分为一般应对能力和特殊应对能力,以大学生为样本编制量表,在社会居民中验证其适用性,量表有良好的信效度和适用性。对浙江省11个地区的居民抽样调查表明,积极行为能力强于情绪管理能力,传染疾病和火灾应对能力比较强,食物中毒应对能力比较弱;城市居民强于农村居民,男性比女性强;社会居民强于大学生,50岁以下的比较强;机关干部最强,农民最弱;受训者强于未受训者,受训者太少。突发事件应对训练竭待加强。     

地震灾害对中国农村居民的影响研究--以云南省大姚县为例

通过对2003年7月21日和10月16日分别发生6.2和6.1级地震的云南省大姚县居民的问卷调查,分析了地震灾害对中困农村居民的影响,了解了我国农村居民尤其是地震多发区农村居民对地震灾害的风险意识以及在地震灾害中的反应.调查结果表明:中国农村居民是地震灾害的最大受害者和风险承担者.虽然他们会在地震灾害中汲取经验教训,增强风险防范意识,但是由于经济水平、自然环境等客观条件的影响,他们只能被动地承受地震灾害,而不能从根本上改变承灾体的脆弱性.中国农村地震减灾、防灾能力的加强需要政府管理部门的积极参与.     

(M)VOC and composting facilities. Part 2: (M)VOC dispersal in the environment

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Composting facilities are known to release odorous volatiles due to biodegradation of municipal waste and plant residues. Although odour perception and its grading is influenced by experience, attitude and adaptation, these emissions have created a lack of acceptance for residents in the vicinity of composting facilities. Enclosure of compost pile halls, ventilation systems and biofilters are often insufficient to minimise the burden of compost-derived compounds in the air. Moreover, economic considerations forced smaller communities to establish less sophisticated facilities with open storage areas and other relevant sources for wind-borne dispersal of bioaerosols. Aim of the present study was to characterise the immission and dispersal of microbial volatiles (MVOC) and, besides, to find coincidences between MVOC and compost odour. METHODS: In the course of this study, the surroundings of two composting facilities, differing in their type of process engineering, were investigated for emission of volatiles in the environment. Both microbially and plant-derived substances were assessed, several of which have low odour thresholds. Air samples were taken in distances ranging from 50 to 800 m in a downwind direction from each facility. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Compost-derived and microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) were found at distances of up to 800 m from the composting facilities. Terpenes like alpha-pinene, camphene and camphor were the dominant compounds and coincided with typical compost odour, whereas several typical MVOC were not found at greater distances. The terpenes in combination with certain MVOC may play an important role in the perception of compost odour. Exposure concentrations were not of toxicological relevance, but sensory irritation and psychohygienic effects due to an annoyance potential of such compounds should not be dismissed. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Although terpenes are generally associated with pleasant odour characteristics, they seemed to contribute to malodours in a mixture with other VOC, in this context of volatile waste from compost facilities. Malodorous emissions from biowaste have to be considered as sources of health complaints and the investigation of mixtures of compost-derived volatiles is still inevitable. Exposure levels have to be discussed taking VOC mixtures into account. Within composting facilities, technical devices have to be improved to minimise dispersal of volatiles to prevent residents from immissions eventually causing health complaints.