The Spatiotemporal Pattern of Fires in Northern Taiga Larch Forests of Central Siberia

The periodicity of fires in larch forests of Evenkia and their relationship with landscape elements have been studied. Cross-sections with “burns” in them caused by past fires have been analyzed in 72 test plots; the fire chronology encompassed the period from the 15th to the 20th century. The between-fire intervals (BFIs) have been calculated by two methods: (I) on the basis of burns alone and (II) on the basis of burns and the start of growth of the new generation of larch after the earliest fire. The BFI depends on local orographic features; it is 86 ± 11 (105 ± 12), 61 ± 8 (73 ± 8), 139 ± 17 (138 ± 18), and 68 ± 14 (70 ± 13) years for northeastern slopes, southwestern slopes, bogs, and flatlands, respectively. The mean BFIs calculated by methods I and II are 82 ± 7 and 95 ± 7 years, respectively. The permafrost horizon rises at a mean rate of 0.3 cm per year after a forest fire. It has been shown that the number of fires regularly peaks at periods of 36 and 82 years. There is also a temporal trend in fire frequency: the mean BFI was approximately 100 years in the 19th century and 65 years in the 20th century.     

印度夏季风降水周期性研究

印度夏季风降水(ISMR)在南亚气候系统中是一个非常重要的内容,近年来对它的研究日益受到人们的重视。为了深入认识ISMR的变化特征,主要利用Scargle周期图和小波变换研究了1871-2004年间ISMR变化的周期性。结果表明,ISMR的周期性波动非常复杂,相应的周期参数具有明显的时变特征。文中还简单讨论了ISMR周期时变的可能原因。     

电除尘器粉尘层反电晕击穿厚度理论与试验

为了合理地确定静电除尘器清灰振打周期,通过理论与试验方法确定静电除尘器粉尘层反电晕击穿厚度很有必要的。首先基于静电学理论导出带电粉尘层内的电量分布和电场分布数学模型,然后根据粉尘层反电晕发生条件,得出粉尘层反电晕击穿厚度的计算式,结果表明,反电晕击穿厚度是粉尘比电阻、电晕电流密度及极配的函数。通过对高比电阻不同厚度的粉尘层的反电晕击穿试验研究,结果表明,各击穿点的连线呈较连续光滑的弧线,提出了利用伏安特性曲线确定粉尘层反电晕击穿厚度的简易图解法。     

Phenology and population radiation of the nettle caterpillar, Darna pallivitta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Hawai’i

The nettle caterpillar, Darna pallivitta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), is an invasive pest with established populations on three Hawai’ian islands. Indigenous to Southeast Asia, D. pallivitta caterpillars cause defoliation of ornamental nursery stock and pose a human health hazard due to their urticating hairs that can cause painful skin reactions. Identification of the pheromone component n-butyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (E7,9-10:COOnBu) from D. pallivitta has made it possible to investigate the phenology and population dynamics using baited traps. Male captures in Jackson traps baited with E7,9-10:COOnBu showed a vegetation preference for tall-grass fields and forest/grass interfaces over forest areas. Microlocation preferences were also found for trap height, with over 65% of males being caught in traps suspended at 1 m, compared with the traps at 3 and 5 m. Captures of male moths in traps baited with live females, and direct observations of female calling behavior, showed peak activities 6–7 h after the onset of scotophase. This is a much later communication period than for D. bradleyi and D. trima and may provide a mechanism by which D. pallivitta maintains reproductive isolation in areas where all three species are present. Coastal and inland transects established in eastern Hawai’i measured aspects of population fluctuations and radiation into new areas with relation to elevation and microclimate. Population expansion was measured by comparing moth population means and 80% population boundaries over time. Both population measures showed a higher expansion for the coastal transect. Differences in population expansion may be attributed in part to temperature and elevation, while precipitation does not seem to have a strong effect. Both the behavioral and ecological data collected can be used to optimize deployment of detection/control strategies and to predict population expansion/risk assessment for establishing quarantine protocols for the nettle caterpillar.     

长荡湖近61a降水量演化特征

基于王母观站和溧阳站1953~2013a系列年降水量资料,采用Spearman和Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验、连续小波变换等技术手段,分析了61a来长荡湖年降水量的演变特征。结果表明,长荡湖多年平均降水量为1 115.1 mm,年内降水量呈明显的季节性变化;年降水量总体呈减少趋势,但仍以正常年份居多,偏多与偏少年份相当;长荡湖湖区年降水量变化周期为9.5a;年降水量变化不存在突变。研究成果可为长荡湖湖区的洪水控制、水资源利用、水调度方案制订、应对气候变化提供科学依据。     

Specificity of communication channels in four limacodid moths: Darna bradleyi, Darna trima, Setothosea asigna, and Setora nitens (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

Summary. Darna bradleyi Holloway, D. trima Moore, Setothosea asigna van Eecke and Setora nitens Walker are sympatric and coseasonal limacodid moths in plantations of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Palmae), in Borneo, southeast Asia. We tested the hypothesis that these four species maintain reproductive isolation through specificity in diel periods of communication, microlocation for communication and/or communication signal (pheromone). Studying diel periodicity of calling behavior by female moths and response by male moths to traps baited with virgin females or synthetic pheromone, we determined that sexual communication of D. bradleyi and D. trima took place from ˜17:30 to 18:45 hr and that of S. asigna and S. nitens from ˜18:45 to 20:00 hr and from ˜18:30 to 19:30 hr, respectively. Over 80% of male S. asigna and S. nitens were captured in pheromone-baited traps suspended >5 m high, whereas male D. bradleyi and D. trima were captured mostly in traps <5 m high. Synthetic pheromone baits attracted male moths in a species-specific manner. Moreover, baits containing both S. asigna and S. nitens pheromones failed to attract any male moths, indicating that female S. asigna and S. nitens, with overlapping communication periods, use bifunctional pheromone components that attract conspecific males while repelling heterospecifics. Similarly, addition of D. bradleyi pheromone to S. asigna or S. nitens pheromone reduced attraction of male S. asigna and S. nitens. The failure of D. bradleyi and D. trima, which overlap in time and microlocation for communication, to evolve bifunctional pheromones may be attributed to the recent occurrence of sympatry between D. bradleyi and D. trima in Borneo, apparently too recent for bifunctional pheromones to have evolved. We conclude that D. bradleyi, D. trima, S. asigna and S. nitens utilize any or all of diel periodicity, intra and interspecific effects of communication signal and/or microlocation for signaling, allowing these limacodids to co-inhabit the same habitat and remain reproductively isolated. Received 5 May 2000; accepted 18 August 2000     

1960-2006年艾比湖流域冷暖季气候状况分析

运用线性倾向估计、累积距平、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法对艾比湖流域1960-2006年冷、暖季和全年平均气温、降水量、日照时数的变化趋势、周期性和突变性进行分析。结果表明:①47 a来,艾比湖流域平均气温和降水量均呈增加趋势,其变化率分别为0.43 ℃/10 a、12.02 mm/10 a;而日照时数呈减少趋势,其变化率为-22.30 h/10 a。②从空间分布来看,流域各站年均气温均呈不同程度的增加,其中以托里增幅最大,温泉增幅最小;除托里年降水呈减小趋势外,其他各站年降水量皆表现为增加趋势;冷季日照时数减少趋势明显强于暖季,这也导致研究区大部分站点年日照时数呈减少趋势。③平均气温、降水和日照时数序列在冷季、暖季、全年中都存在着长周期和短周期。其中,降水和日照时数都具有8 a左右的短周期,并分别存在14 a和20 a的长周期;而气温的变化周期较为复杂,且具有较强的波动性,存在11 a和22 a的年代际周期。④流域气候的突变发生在20世纪80年代,1988年流域气温发生了由偏冷时期向偏暖时期的转变;1986年降雨发生了由少雨到多雨的变化,流域气候开始变得湿润;1984年左右日照时数出现由多到少的转变。     

暴雨泥石流输沙年际变率的旋回性研究——以云南东川蒋家沟泥石流为例

应用云南东川蒋家沟泥石流输水时序资料,重构了高频率暴雨泥石充输沙年际变率的旋回现象,即周期性,并分析了其周期性变化的原因,为暴雨泥石流灾害的预测研究探索了一析路。     

济南白泉泉域地下水位动态对降水响应的年内时滞分析

利用1990~2011年间济南白泉泉域内4个碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水及泉域内及北侧3个松散岩孔隙水水位动态观测资料与同期降水数据,采用相关分析、交叉小波分析方法对研究区地下水位动态与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明:1相关分析可概略的描述水位动态对降水响应的滞后特征。2交叉小波分析表明,全时段岩溶水观测点水位动态对降水时滞为101.41~141.56d,孔隙水为114.14~185.37d,泉域径流区及排泄区的各点对降水的滞后明显,且岩溶水径流路径越长,水位动态越滞后。3高降水时段岩溶水动态时滞为80.80~118.31d,孔隙水为128.59~167.52d,说明年降水量及降水组合形式对水位时滞有影响,总体降水量越大则地下水位响应越快。地下水位对降水响应的定量描述,可耦合入地下水位预测模型,从而对地下水资源的保护及合理开发利用起到积极作用。     

太湖浮游植物生物量的周期性变化

于2002年定点观测了太湖梅梁湾水体5个层位上的悬浮质和叶绿素含量,同时比较了太湖近6年的叶绿素和悬浮质检测结果.将叶绿素及其与悬浮质的比值的平均数作为对生物量的衡量指标.结果表明,浮游植物生物量呈现相同的多峰型变化,2个峰之间平均间隔约为50d.在太湖水华优势种微囊藻(Microcystis spp.)室内分解试验的基础上,检测到的生物量波动周期与微囊藻细胞分解和生长过程所需的时间之和(43～50d)是一致的.讨论了生物量波动周期与多种环境因子的相关性.