Review: recent advances in biogas purifying technologies

Biomethane production through biogas upgrading is a promising renewable energy for some industries which could be part of the equilibrium needed with fossil fuels consumption to achieve a sustainable society. This paper presents a comprehensive list of biogas upgrading technologies focused on carbon dioxide removal as well as recent advances reported by researcher with wide expertise in this topic. Additionally, an extensive costs–performance comparison among the technologies studied is discussed. Among the different alternatives, chemical scrubbing stood out to achieve high biomethane purities while cryogenic technologies proved to be effective against methane losses. Regarding the different costs, water scrubbing and membrane separation seem to be the most affordable techniques.     

可张孔曝气器曝气能耗试验研究

通过试验研究，总结出可张孔曝气阻力损失的影响因素，以优化产品的结构设计参数，降低产品在工程应用中的能耗，获取更好的经济效益。     

臭氧耦合陶瓷膜过滤对膜性能及出水消毒副产物的影响

利用臭氧（O₃）-陶瓷膜过滤（CMF）处理常规工艺出水,研究了不同O₃-CMF耦合方式对膜性能和消毒副产物（DBPs）的影响.结果表明,与单独CMF相比,异位O₃-CMF和原位O₃-CMF均可以有效缓解膜污染,原位O₃-CMF控制效果最佳.异位O₃-CMF对进水（常规工艺出水） DOC去除率（26.25%）略高于原位O₃-CMF（22.31%）,但是其SUVA去除率（83.91%）明显低于原位O₃-CMF（93.10%）.羟基自由基（·OH）生成特征表明原位O₃-CMF可促进O₃产生更多的·OH.在O₃、·OH氧化和陶瓷膜截留协同作用下,异位O₃-CMF和原位O₃-CMF出水中总荧光响应强度和相对分子质量大于0.3×10³,有机物含量降低,进而使得出水中含碳消毒副产物（C-DBPs）生成量分别降低了21.86%和32.35%,含氮消毒副产物（N-DBPs）生成量分别降低了16.16%和19.13%.但O₃和·OH氧化后生成的小分子有机物因难以被CM截留导致其在出水中含量增加,进而增加了卤代酮（HKs）、水合氯醛（CH）和三卤硝基甲烷（THNMs）的产生.本研究对于不同O₃-CMF方式下O₃与CM的协同机制的探讨,改善膜性能和提升DBPs前体物的去除具有一定指导意义.     

成都市及周边地区严重臭氧污染过程成因分析

结合天气形势,地面观测资料和WRF-CMAQ模式,分析了2017年7月8~15日成都市一次罕见持续O₃污染过程的特征及成因,量化了各个物理化学过程对此次污染过程的相对贡献,并通过敏感性实验分析了四川盆地内O₃及其前体物的区域传输和本地光化学反应对此次污染过程的影响.结果表明,此次O₃持续污染过程主要是因为四川盆地内盛行偏东风,导致盆地东部城市群的O₃及其前体物经区域输送到成都及周边地区,加之成都市出现小风、气温升高等气象条件进而形成,属于典型的传输性爆发污染.持续污染形成的主要物理化学机制体现为日间气相化学过程贡献为稳定的正值,加之输送过程贡献出现爆发式升高,进而导致近地面O₃小时净增量迅速上升且高达50μg/（m³·h）,随之O₃浓度迅速响应,产生爆发式增长.此外,敏感性实验结果显示此次成都市O₃持续污染的形成受区域输送影响较受本地光化学反应影响更为明显.O₃污染爆发前上游地区高浓度O₃及其前体物沿流场输送并在成都及周边地区不断积累,导致日间O₃浓度不断升高.     

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography

A membrane extraction-gas chromatography method was developed fordetermination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds including methamidophos, DDVP, dimethoate, methyl parathion, parathion, thiophosphoric acid trimethyl ester, and thiophosphoramidic acid dimethyl ester in water samples. In thismethod, surface-modified acetic cellulose membranes were used to extract the target analytes in water samples, the extracted analytes were back-extracted into a small amount of methanol, andgas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) was used to determine the concentrations of targetanalytes in the extracts. The recoveries obtained for thetarget analytes spiked into the water samples ranged from 66to 94%. The method detection limit for each target analyte was 0.05 g L^-1. The method developed in this study had shown the advantages of being cheap, simple, fast, and reliable. It had been used successfully to determine the concentrations of target analytes in river water samples.     

Large pore size polyacrylonitrile membrane for ultrafiltration

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BOD微生物膜的再利用研究初探

对失去大部分活性的微生物膜进行再培养,以研究膜再利用的可能性。试验结果初部表明:在1/2MS培养基中加入一定量的植物激素,不仅可以使膜的电位值(I0)显著升高,且活性强,稳定性好,可使膜重复利用。     

Dynamic fate modeling of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in the lower reaches of the Liao River

A QWASI model dependent on temperature is parameterized to describe the long-term fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Liao River. The model parameters, namely fugacity capacity, degradation rate, and transfer coefficient, are profoundly affected by temperature. This model is used to simulate the fate of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in the lower reaches of the Liao River from 1998 to 2008. Modeling results show that γ-HCH fugacity capacities in air, water, and sediment increase as temperature decreases, and the transfer and transformation rate coefficients increase as temperature increases. The variations of transfer and transformation parameter D values depend on fugacity capacities, and transfer and transformation coefficients simultaneously. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the predicted and observed concentrations in the water and sediment of the Liao River. The predicted values agree well with the observed value in the order of magnitude, in most cases within the factor of 3. It is believed that the model is appropriate for simulating the long term fate of POPs in the Liao River. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 121–125 [译自: 环境科学]     

Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

In this study, ultrasound was used to control the membrane fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Short-term running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic parameters. The experimental results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s, membrane fouling could be controlled effectively only by hydrodynamic methods without ultrasound. When ultrasound was applied, an ultrasonic power range of 60–150 W was suitable for the membrane fouling control in the experimental system. The experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance (ΣR) could stay at 5 × 10¹¹ m⁻¹ for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s, which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than 1.0 m/s without ultrasound. Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(4): 25–29 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

A／O-化学除磷工艺中DMBR动态膜成膜条件研究

根据动态膜原理，将0．1mm孔径无纺布为膜材的动态膜反应器（Dynamic Membrane BioReactor，DMBR）应用于A／O-化学除磷工艺之中，在动态膜反应器内完成泥水分离。试验测试了曝气强度、初始膜通量和污泥浓度对动态膜成膜的影响。结果表明，曝气强度和初始膜通量是影响成膜的关键性参数。当曝气强度≥60m^3／m^2·h或初始膜通量≥70L／m^2·h，2h内均不能形成截留性能良好的动态膜。在VSS／SS较低的污泥系统中，适宜的成膜条件为：曝气强度≤40m^3／m^2·h；初始膜通量≤40L/m^2·h。