污染黑土中重金属的形态分布与生物活性研究

通过对污染和清洁黑土的耕层、非耕层分层采样分析,比较了Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn等在同一土壤耕层和非耕层以及不同采样点土壤中的形态分布和生物活性.结果表明,无污染黑土中这些重金属的形态分布一般为:残渣态>有机结合态>铁锰结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,外源污染则使可交换态重金属的含量增加.以生物有效性系数和迁移系数进行重金属生物活性评价,其在黑土中生物活性大小的顺序为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb.污染愈严重的土壤,重金属的生物活性和自身的淋溶能力相对较强,在非耕层中也表现出较高的生物活性.综合重金属在土壤中的含量和生物活性,发现2个污染点的黑土中Cd和Pb对当地农业生产和地下水安全已构成潜在的威胁.     

Cd、豆磺隆胁迫下黑土-小麦系统中酶活性的动态变化

利用盆栽试验研究了Cd单一污染和Cd-豆磺隆复合污染作用下黑土-小麦系统中脲酶(Urease)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化,尤其是考察了小麦整个生育期内(主要分为拔节期、开花期和成熟期)这2种酶活性的动态变化规律.结果表明,无论是在有或无豆磺隆胁迫时,随着Cd污染浓度的增加,脲酶活性呈现出明显的下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性变化相对于脲酶比较稳定.通过拟合方程可知,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化在一定程度上可以反映Cd或Cd-豆磺隆的污染状况,如果用酶活性指示Cd和豆磺隆污染程度时需适当考虑作物的不同生育期以及Cd和豆磺隆污染的关系.在小麦的整个生长期内,当Cd含量为2～30 mg·kg-1时,无论是Cd单一污染还是Cd-豆磺隆复合污染,脲酶活性均呈现出由拔节期到开花期升高、由开花期到成熟期下降的趋势;而在高含量(＞30 mg·kg-1)Cd作用下,酶活性的这种变化趋势表现的较弱.     

Single and Joint Effects of Acetochlor and Urea on Earthworm Esisenia Foelide Populations in Phaiozem

Much attention is paid to soil health and environmental safety. Earthworms are an important indicator of soil ecosystem health and safety. Ecological toxicity of acetochlor and excessive urea, in both their single and joint effects, on earthworm Esisenia foelide was thus studied using the soil-culture method. Acetochlor had an enhanced toxicity from low concentration to high concentration. The mortality of earthworms after a 6-day exposure was changed from 0 to 86.7%, and the weight change rate ranged from 7.86 to –30.43%, when the concentration of acetochlor was increased from 164 to 730 mg kg^–1. Urea expressed its positive and beneficial effects on earthworms when its concentration was lower than 500 mg kg^–1. Strongly toxic effects took place when the concentration of urea was higher than 1000 mg kg^–1. The mortality of earthworms exposed to urea reached 100% when its concentration was more than 1500 mg kg^–1. When the concentration of urea was lower than 500 mg kg^–1, there were antagonistic effects between the two agrochemicals on earthworms; when the concentration of urea was higher than 500 mg kg^–1, joint toxic effects of acetochlor and excessive urea on earthworms were synergic. In any case, excessive urea application is very harmful to the health of soil ecosystems.