一株反硝化菌的分离鉴定和系统发育分析

从反硝化反应器中分离到一株异养型兼氧反硝化细菌,命名为菌株JIN1,分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性杆状。茵落颜色为乳白色。该菌株能以硝酸钠为唯一氮源进行反硝化作用并产生亚硝酸。部分长度的16SrDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株JIN1与Aquaspirillum菌具有99%相似,与Microvirgulaaerodenitrificans菌具有99%相似。其生化性状与Aquaspirillum菌不相符。系统发育学分析表明菌株JIN1与Microvirgulaaerodenitrificans菌关系最近。故确认菌株JIN1属Microvirgulaaerodenitrificans菌。     

自然土壤中苯酚降解菌的分离和系统发育分析

采用富集培养的方法,从未受苯酚污染的自然土壤中分离得到5株能以苯酚为唯一碳源生长的细菌.根据生理生化特性和系统发育分析对它们进行了初步鉴定,菌株PHD-2为Ralstonia sp.,菌株 PHD-4为Acinetobacter sp.,菌株PHD-5 为Microbacterium sp.,菌株PHD-1和PHD-3均为Pseudomonas sp.,16S rRNA基因序列的同源性比较和系统发育分析表明自然土壤中的苯酚降解菌具有丰富的多样性.     

从不同反应器筛选、鉴别好氧反硝化菌

采用2个序批式反应器A和B,以硝态氮为唯一氮源,采用间歇曝气,以驯化、富集耐氧脱氮污泥.反应器A,其pH约为6.3,ρ(DO)为2.2～6.1 mg/L,碳氮比(ρ(C)/ρ(N),ρ(C)以ρ(COD_Cr)计)约为9;反应器B,其pH约为6.8～7.8,ρ(DO)为 2.2～3.0 mg/L,ρ(C)/ρ(N)约为15.2个反应器的ρ(NO₃－-N)均保持为80 mg/L.当2个反应器的总氮去除率达到60%以上,则认为完成好氧反硝化菌的富集.从2个反应器中共筛选得到20株BTB阳性菌,其中8株菌株的DNA样品经PCR成功扩增,进行16S rRNA测序.测序结果提交GenBank进行Blast同源性检索,并分析比对鉴别,判断8株菌株分属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas),戴尔福特菌(Delftia),草螺菌(Herbaspirillum)和丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas)菌属.反硝化性能测定证实8株菌株均为好氧反硝化菌.      

稀有鮈鲫成体神经发生相关基因的分子克隆及序列分析

成体神经发生是脊椎动物中广泛存在的一种生物学特征。成体硬骨鱼类的脑展现出强烈的神经活性以及出色的脑修复能力,这使得硬骨鱼类成为研究成体神经发生和脑修复的一个理想的模型。本文克隆了成体稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)脑组织中神经发生及脑修复相关的hes5、pax6、sox11和prox1基因的部分c DNA序列并进行了序列分析。序列分析结果表明,pax6和sox11基因片段与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)对应的基因片段的同源性最高,分别为97%和94%;hes5基因与鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)相对应的基因片段的同源性最高,为92%;prox1基因在物种间的同源性最低。基于稀有鮈鲫和已知物种相应基因的核苷酸序列构建了系统发育树,发现稀有鮈鲫prox1基因与其他硬骨鱼类的亲缘关系最远。本文为进一步开展神经毒性类化学品对水生生物鱼类的成体神经毒性作用机制研究提供了分子生物学基础。     

城市生活污水及二级处理水中手足口病病毒及肠道病毒的赋存状态

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的传染病,其主要病原体有EV71、CVA16及CVA10。为了研究污水处理厂的生活原污水及二级处理水中此类病毒的存活情况,实验利用手足口病3种主要病毒的通用引物对其进行分型检测,同时使用肠道病毒通用引物检测所有肠道病毒,并对常规水质指标进行分析。结果表明,原污水及二级处理水的手足口病病毒阳性率分别为83.3%与36.7%,而肠道病毒阳性率更高达100%及93.3%。说明生活污水中的肠道病毒可以稳定存在,且若未进行有效消毒处理,可能存在于二级处理水中。在3种手足口病主要病毒中,CVA10检出率最高,达45.0%,CVA16及EV71检出率分别为8.3%及10.0%。可推断,CVA10为实验阶段该地区主要的手足口病病毒。通过相关性分析,肠道病毒的存活与水质条件密切相关。     

Evolutionary Distinctiveness,Threat Status,and Ecological Oddity in Primates

Abstract: The EDGE (evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered) conservation program ( http://www.edgeofexistence.org ) uses a composite measure of threat and phylogenetic isolation to rank species for conservation attention. Using primates as a test case, we examined how species that rank highly with this metric represent the collective from which they are drawn. We considered the ecological and morphological traits, including body mass, diet, terrestriality, and home range size, of all 233 species of primates. Overall, EDGE score and the level of deviance from the mean of 20 different ecological, reproductive, and morphological variables were correlated (mean correlation r =0.14, combined p =1.7 × 10^?14). Although primates with a high EDGE score had characteristics that made them seem odd, they did not seem to express more ancestral characteristics than expected. Sets of primate species with high EDGE scores will, therefore, collectively capture a broader than expected range of the biology of the clade. If similar patterns hold in other groups, the EDGE metric may be useful for prioritizing biodiversity for conservation.     

Seed plant phylogenetic diversity and species richness in conservation planning within a global biodiversity hotspot in eastern Asia

One of the main goals of conservation biology is to understand the factors shaping variation in biodiversity across the planet. This understanding is critical for conservation planners to be able to develop effective conservation strategies. Although many studies have focused on species richness and the protection of rare and endemic species, less attention has been paid to the protection of the phylogenetic dimension of biodiversity. We explored how phylogenetic diversity, species richness, and phylogenetic community structure vary in seed plant communities along an elevational gradient in a relatively understudied high mountain region, the Dulong Valley, in southeastern Tibet, China. As expected, phylogenetic diversity was well correlated with species richness among the elevational bands and among communities. At the community level, evergreen broad‐leaved forests had the highest levels of species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Using null model analyses, we found evidence of nonrandom phylogenetic structure across the region. Evergreen broad‐leaved forests were phylogenetically overdispersed, whereas other vegetation types tended to be phylogenetically clustered. We suggest that communities with high species richness or overdispersed phylogenetic structure should be a focus for biodiversity conservation within the Dulong Valley because these areas may help maximize the potential of this flora to respond to future global change. In biodiversity hotspots worldwide, we suggest that the phylogenetic structure of a community may serve as a useful measure of phylogenetic diversity in the context of conservation planning.     

几种海藻表面附着细菌的分离及其gyrB基因序列分析

利用TCBS培养基从三种海藻:孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)、海带苗(Laminaria japonica)和多管藻(Polysiphonia urceolata)表面共分离得到10株细菌.生理生化试验和gyrB基因序列分析结果表明10株细菌都属于弧菌(Vibrio).基于gyrB基因序列构建的系统发生树显示,菌株L5、L6、P7、P8、P10、P11、P12与Vibrio splendidus属于同一分支,序列间相似性为97.5-100%.菌株L4、P9与Vibrio cyclitrophicus属于同一分支,序列间完全一致.菌株U3在系统发生树上独立构成一个分支.本文结果表明不同海藻表面的附着细菌组成也不相同,具有一定的海藻特异性.     

野猪和几种家猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析

对二花脸猪、红灯笼猪、姜曲海猪、香猪、约克夏猪及华东地区野猪共２４个个体进行了随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析,以探讨家猪与野猪间的亲缘关系．实验从４０个引物中选用重复性较好的１３个引物对所有个体进行了随机扩增,共获得１９２个ＲＡＰＤ标记．ＲＡＰＤ研究结果表明：（１）长江下游江苏地区家猪品种或类群内遗传变异相对较小,群体的遗传趋异程度处于较低水平;（２）二花脸猪、红灯笼猪及姜曲海猪与华东地区的野猪可能起源于一个共同的祖先;（３）中国家猪各地方品种可能由分布于各地区的亚洲野猪经人们长期的定向选育而形成     

三甲胺降解细菌的分离、降解特性及其系统发育分析

分别从稻田土壤和城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离得到 2株三甲胺降解菌 2 2和 5 1 .分离菌株为革兰氏染色反应阴性的球菌和短杆菌 ,菌株大小为球菌直径 0 5～ 0 9μm ,短杆菌长 0 9～ 1 2 μm ,不运动 .分离菌株均能在好氧和厌氧条件下利用三甲胺作为唯一碳源 ,生成中间产物二甲胺和甲胺 ,最终将其矿化 .根据其生理生化性状和 1 6SrDNA序列分析结果表明 ,分离菌株为副球菌属 (Paracoccussp .) ,其序列与Paracoccusaminovorans菌株序列的相似性均为 98 8% .