燃煤电厂海水烟气脱硫工艺原理初探

海水烟气脱硫工艺是利用天然的纯海水（燃煤电厂可直接利用电厂的冷却循环水）作为烟气中ＳＯ２的吸收剂，无需其它任何添加剂，也不产生任何废弃物，具有技术成熟、工艺简单、系统运行可靠、脱硫效率高（理论脱硫效率可达９８％）和投资运行费用低等特点，目前在一些国家和地区已得到日益广泛的应用。本文是在部分模拟试验的基础上，对海水烟气脱硫工艺进行了简单的阐述。     

Male-biassed response of garden chafer, Phyllopertha horticola L., to leaf alcohol and attraction of both sexes to floral plant volatiles

Summary. Field tests were performed to evaluate the response of the garden chafer, Phyllopertha horticola (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to known scarab attractants and to investigate the influence of trap colour and height on the number of captured beetles. Both sexes were attracted by a lure mixture composed of geraniol, eugenol, and 2-phenylethyl propionate (PEP) (ratio 3:7:3). When testing floral volatiles individually, only geraniol, eugenol and methyl anthranilate but not PEP was attractive. Response of garden chafer to (Z)- 3-hexen-1-ol was strongly male-biassed. Both the response to floral volatiles and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol was increased by using funnel traps with yellow instead of grey vanes. Traps positioned at 50 and 125 cm above ground captured significantly more garden chafers than those at 200 cm. The strongly male-biassed response to (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol suggests that in P. horticola (subfamily Rutelinae) orientation towards plant volatiles emitted upon mechanical damage of plants is part of the male mate finding strategy as recently demonstrated for cockchafers of the genus Melolontha (subfamily Melolonthinae). Possible application of plant volatiles for control of P. horticola is discussed.     

Plant communities in the zone of gas field development and heavy metal accumulation by them

Heavy metal accumulation by plant communities has been studied in different zones of impact of gas field development. The contents of heavy metals in different blocks of plant communities has proved to depend not only on the location of phytocenosis but also on its species composition. Communities dominated by species of the family Poaceae contain smaller amounts of heavy metals than those dominated by species of the family Asteraceae, especially of the genus Artemisia. The order of precedence in the accumulation of heavy metals in different blocks of plant communities has been revealed.     

Paleoecology and dynamics of forest ecosystems in Central Evenkia during the past 2400 years

New data on the composition of surface assemblages of plant macroremains from soil and swamp samples have been obtained in the study of geomorphologically different localities in the middle reaches of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River. The results of paleocarpological analysis of forest soil sections supported by relevant palynological and geochronological data are presented. Natural changes of the forest cover over the past 2400 years and quantitative characteristics of the paleoclimate during each stage are described.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 3–10.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Koshkarova, Koshkarov.     

供水管网生物膜有机物的二氯乙腈与二氯乙酰胺生成特性

在饮用水输配系统中,来源于管壁生物膜的有机物可能耗氯并生成消毒副产物(DBPs),包括二氯乙腈(DCAN)与二氯乙酰胺(DCAcAm)等高毒性含氮DBPs(N-DBPs).研究考察管网常见的细菌与其胞外聚合物(EPS)以及模拟管壁生物膜氯化与氯胺化后DCAN与DCAcAm的生成,并与天然有机物(NOM)和水源水有机物进行比较.结果显示,铜绿假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌与藤黄微球菌与氯反应生成的DCAN、DCAcAm浓度分别为1.48～2.02、0.21～0.38μg·mg~(-1)(mg~(-1)以TOC计),高于同反应条件下NOM的生成量;相比于氯化反应,3株细菌细胞氯胺化生成的DCAN与DCAcAm浓度明显更低.3株菌的EPS也是氯与氯胺化反应生成DCAN与DCAcAm的前体物,且其氯胺化反应生成的DCAcAm浓度高于氯化反应生成的.与NOM、水源水相比,模拟管壁生物膜氯化后生成的N-DBPs与三氯甲烷(TCM)浓度比更高,表明生物膜有机物比NOM与水源水有机物更倾向生成DCAN与DCAcAm类N-DBPs,且模拟管壁生物膜氯胺化的DCAcAm生成量高于氯化反应的,说明管壁生物膜有机物是供水管网系统中DCAN与DCAcAm类N-DBPs的重要前体物.     

基于不同废污泥源的短程反硝化快速启动及稳定性

为探究不同废污泥源快速启动短程反硝化和实现稳定NO_2~--N积累的可行性,在3个完全相同的SBR反应器(S1、S2和S3)分别接种:实验室城市污水反硝化除磷系统排泥、城市污水厂剩余污泥及河涌底泥,比较其短程反硝化启动快慢和NO_2~--N积累特性,考察系统短程反硝化活性和NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N转化性能,并从微生物学角度分析反应器功能菌群特征.结果表明,在乙酸钠为唯一碳源、高碱度和适宜COD/NO_3~--N比进水条件下,3个SBR短程反硝化反应器在短时间内均能够成功启动,系统平均NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N转化率为S1 S2 S3(75. 92% 73. 36% 69. 90%).同时发现持续低温条件下S1和S2呈现不同程度的短程反硝化性能恶化趋势,但S3能够稳定维持良好NO_2~--N积累性能.微生物高通量测序表明,变形菌门和拟杆菌门居PD系统主导地位,3个短程反硝化反应器NO_2~--N积累关键功能菌属Thauera属丰度差异明显:S3 S1 S2(25. 09% 4. 71% 3. 60%),表明S3具备稳定高效的NO_2~--N积累性能,同时高丰度Thauera属可能是维持低温短程反硝化活性的重要原因.     

红树林土壤解磷菌的分离鉴定及解磷特性

从罗源湾红树林根际土壤中分离解磷菌,筛选出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia cepacia, NR 113645.1）和短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus, NR 043242.1）,研究它们的解磷特性和动态解磷过程. HPLC结果表明, B. cepacia菌液上清中含葡萄糖酸、丙酮酸、乳酸、乙酸、丁二酸, 这些有机酸的产生导致磷酸盐溶解. B.pumilus菌液上清中仅检测到少量的葡萄糖酸, 因此该菌溶磷效果不佳. 在细菌动态溶磷过程中发现, 经B. cepacia菌处理的磷酸钙, 其X射线衍射（XRD）特征峰强度随时间的增长降低, 显微镜图像显示磷酸钙颗粒随时间增长变小, 甚至消失. 而经B.pumilus菌处理的结果表明, 在试验期间内磷酸钙峰强度和颗粒大小没有明显变化. 细菌产生有机酸是溶解磷酸盐的重要前提, 这是解决板结土壤中难溶性磷源转化为生物可利用磷源问题的关键.     

Responses of nitrification performance, triclosan resistome and diversity of microbes to continuous triclosan stress in activated sludge system

Triclosan(TCS) is commonly found in wastewater treatment plants,which often affects biological treatment processes.The responses of nitrification,antibiotic resistome and microbial community under different TCS concentrations in activated sludge system were evaluated in this study.The experiment was conducted in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR)for 240 days.Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria could be temporarily inhibited by 1 mg/L TCS and then gradually recovered.And the abundances of nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) under 2.5 and 4 mg/L TCS were three orders of magnitude lower than that of seed sludge,which accounted for partial nitrification.When the addition of TCS was stopped,the abundance of NOB increased.The mass balance experiments of TCS demonstrated that the primary removal pathway of TCS changed from adsorption to biodegradation as TCS was continuously added into the SBR system.Moreover,TCS increased the abundance of mexB,indicating the efflux pump might be the main TCS-resistance mechanism.As a response to TCS,bacteria could secrete more protein(PN) than polysaccharide.Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix revealed that tryptophan PN-like substances might be the main component in PN to resist TCS.High-throughput sequencing found that the relative abundances of Paracoccus,Pseudoxanthomonas and Thauera increased,which could secrete extracellular polymeric substances(EPS).And Sphingopyxis might be the main TCS-degrading bacteria.Overall,TCS could cause partial nitrification and increase the relative abundances of EPS-secreting bacteria and TCS-degrading bacteria.     

生物气溶胶的吸湿性

归纳了有关气溶胶吸湿性的测量方法以及过去近30a来文献中报道的生物气溶胶吸湿性的主要研究成果,总结了不同种类生物气溶胶之间吸湿性的差异.已有研究表明,绝大部分的生物气溶胶粒子都具有一定的吸湿性,当相对湿度为90%时,吸湿增长因子约为1.04（真菌孢子）~1.22（细菌）,花粉颗粒物吸湿后的质量与之前的比值为1.30~1.55.最后,提出了目前关于生物气溶胶吸湿性研究中尚未解决的科学问题及该领域的主要发展方向.     

UASB启动运行特征及互营丙酸氧化菌定量分析

为揭示升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器启动运行效能与互营丙酸降解菌群数量之间的关系,以稀释的玉米淀粉生产废水为底物,考察了UASB启动期的运行特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群（丙酸氧化菌和产甲烷菌）的演替规律.结果表明,在进水COD 2000mg/L和水力停留时间（HRT）24h条件下,经过38d的连续运行,COD去除率达到了91.9%.当HRT分阶段缩短至8h时,比产甲烷速率达到了315LCH₄/（kg COD·d）,且形成了沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有5种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌存在于UASB反应器中.Pelotomaculum propionicum为接种污泥中的主要丙酸氧化菌,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的45.7%.它的数量随着HRT缩短不断减少.而Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens和S.wolinii的数量随着HRT缩短不断增加,并在启动完成时达到最大值,分别为1.3×10³,5.5×10³个16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,演替成为成熟颗粒污泥中的优势丙酸氧化菌群.Methanobacterium和Methanosarcina为接种污泥中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌,其数量随着HRT的缩短而逐渐减少,而Methanospirillum和Methanosaeta的数量随HRT的缩短逐渐增加,成为成熟颗粒污泥中的优势产甲烷菌群.