芦苇植株对湿地温室气体排放的影响及其日变化特征

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对夏季(7月、8月和9月)长江河口湿地芦苇植被CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的叶面通量、茎秆扩散速率以及沉积物通量的日变化进行研究。结果显示,通过芦苇叶片排放的N_2O与CH_4的量分别为2.99μg/(m~2·h)和15.36μg/(m~2·h),CO_2则呈现白天吸收(-120.86 mg/(m~2·h))、夜间排放(69.39 mg/(m~2·h))的特点。芦苇茎秆N_2O、CH_4和CO_2平均扩散速率分别为1.96μg/h、142.45μg/h和10.69 mg/h,沉积物平均排放通量为N_2O 8.18μg/(m~2·h)、CH_41.58 mg/(m~2·h)、CO_2169.66 mg/(m~2·h)。芦苇茎秆和沉积物界面CH_4和CO_2的排放均呈现出明显的"单峰型"昼夜变化规律,其排放峰值集中在日照及温度最高的9:00至15:00。芦苇植株是影响温室气体排放变化的因素之一。芦苇植株在光合作用下吸收CO_2并促进CH_4的排放,而芦苇发达的根系及茎秆是温室气体排放的主要途径。同时,Pearson相关性分析表明温度对芦苇群落CH_4和NO2的排放影响显著,但与CO_2通量的相关性不明显。土壤氧化还原电位对3种气体的排放均有显著影响。     

Formation and Emission of N2O and CH4 from Compost Heaps of Organic Household Waster

Composting can be a source of N₂O andCH₄ production. In this investigation, differentcompost heaps of organic household waste weremonitored with the focus on potential formation ofCH₄ and N₂O in the heaps and emission ofthese gases from the heaps. The studied compost heapshad different compost ages, turning intervals andcompost sizes. The analysed compost gases containedbetween 1–3421 L of N₂O-N L^-1 and 0–470 mL of CH₄ L^-1. The emission rates ofN₂O and CH₄ from the compost heaps werebetween 1–1464 mg N₂O m^-2 day^-1 and0–119 000 mg CH₄ m^-2 day^-1. These verylarge differences in compost gas composition andemission indicate the importance of compostmanagement. The results also give an understanding ofwhere in the composting process an increasing emissionof N₂O and CH₄ can occur.     

Methane emission in a rice field of Thailand

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废旧塑料回收利用技术

从我国废塑料回收利用的现状出发 ,分析了今后我国废塑料回收利用技术的发展趋势和应采取的措施 ,指出了废塑料回收利用的重要性。     

变速器壳体低周疲劳优化设计

目的 分析变速器壳体驻车耐久试验的失效根本原因,对变速器壳体进行低周疲劳优化设计.方法 首先排查壳体的化学成分、铸造质量,排除材料和工艺引起失效问题的可能性,然后通过有限元方法分析驻车轴孔的最大拉应变、驻车工况壳体变形、轴孔接触区域.根据局部应变分布特征,提出驻车轴修形的优化方案,并且根据壳体材料的低周疲劳参数,确定Coffin-Manson模型,并根据该模型预测壳体驻车轴孔优化前后的疲劳寿命.结果 驻车轴孔的最大拉应变高达0.95％,确定应变过大是导致壳体失效的根本原因.驻车轴度修形的优化方案将最大拉应变降低到0.40％,塑性应变占比由42％降低到5％,疲劳寿命的预测值由原来的175次提高到7980次,满足试验循环次数1000次的要求,最终优化物理样机通过了驻车耐久试验验证.结论 使用的Coffin-Manson模型参数能准确地预测变速器壳体的低周疲劳寿命,驻车轴小角度修形优化方案能够有效解决局部应变过大的失效问题,具有一定的工程参考意义.     

Developing Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System to Meet the Reporting Requirements of the Kyoto Protocol

The rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere can be reduced by decreasing emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and by increasing the net uptake (or reducing the net loss) of carbon in terrestrial (and aquatic) ecosystems. The Kyoto Protocol addresses both the release and uptake of carbon. Canada is developing a National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System in support of its international obligations to report greenhouse gas sources and sinks. This system employs forest-inventory data, growth and yield information, and statistics on natural disturbances, management actions and land-use change to estimate forest carbon stocks, changes in carbon stocks, and emissions of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases. A key component of the system is the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS). The model is undergoing extensive revisions to enable analyses at four spatial scales (national, provincial, forest management unit and stand) and in annual time steps. The model and the supporting databases can be used to assess carbon-stock changes between 1990 and the present, and to predict future carbon-stock changes based on scenarios of future disturbance rates and management actions.     

Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Substitution: Comparing Concrete- and Wood-Framed Buildings

In this study a method is suggested to compare the net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from the construction of concrete- and wood-framed buildings. The method is then applied to two buildings in Sweden and Finland constructed with wood frames, compared with functionally equivalent buildings constructed with concrete frames. Carbon accounting includes: emissions due to fossil fuel use in the production of building materials; the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass residues from logging, wood processing, construction and demolition; carbon stock changes in forests and buildings; and cement process reactions. The results show that wood-framed construction requires less energy, and emits less CO₂ to the atmosphere, than concrete-framed construction. The lifecycle emission difference between the wood- and concrete-framed buildings ranges from 30 to 130 kg C per m² of floor area. Hence, a net reduction of CO₂ emission can be obtained by increasing the proportion of wood-based building materials, relative to concrete materials. The benefits would be greatest if the biomass residues resulting from the production of the wood building materials were fully used in energy supply systems. The carbon mitigation efficiency, expressed in terms of biomass used per unit of reduced carbon emission, is considerably better if the wood is used to replace concrete building material than if the wood is used directly as biofuel.     

城市草坪温室气体排放特征及影响因素

草坪作为城市绿地的重要组成部分，其温室气体的吸收或排放不容忽视.然而当前对亚热带城市草坪温室气体通量的研究相对匮乏.采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对杭州市城区典型城市草坪的多种温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO）地气交换通量进行了连续观测研究.结果表明，城市草坪的温室气体月平均通量变化明显，而其日变化特征并不明显.城市草地和土壤（无植被生长的裸土）是大气N₂O的源，平均通量分别为（0.66±0.17）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（0.58±0.20）μg·（m²·min）^-1；是CH₄和CO的汇，其中CH₄平均通量分别为（-0.21±0.078）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-0.26±0.10）μg·（m²·min）^-1，CO分别为（-6.36±1.28）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-6.55±1.69）μg·（m²·min）^-1.城市草地和土壤CO₂平均通量分别为（5.28±0.75） mg·（m²·min）^-1和（4.83±0.91） mg·（m²·min）^-1.基于相关性分析研究发现，草地和土壤的CO₂和N₂O通量均与降水量呈显著的负相关，而CH₄和CO通量与降水量呈显著的正相关；除草地CH₄通量与土壤温度无显著相关、草地N₂O通量与土壤温度呈显著负相关外，其余各温室气体通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关.另外，城市草坪的草地和土壤CO₂（R²为0.371和0.314）和N₂O （R²为0.371和0.284）通量季节变化受降水量的影响要大于其它温室气体，而土壤温度对CO通量的影响（R²为0.290和0.234）要显著于其它温室气体.     

塑料薄膜用无滴消雾剂的研制

本文介绍了塑料薄膜用无滴消雾剂的配方、制备方法和使用情况。     

减排温室气体的经济手段：许可证交易和税收政策

温室气体的减排是当前国际社会关心的热点环境问题。本文首先从分析采用经济手段减排温室气体的潜在利弊出发，对温室气体排放交易和国际碳税进行了深入的分析比较。最后，提出了我国响应减排温室气体经济政策的若干建议。