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1.
Two linked probes were used to determine the Huntington's disease status of the fetus conceived by a woman affected with the condition. The fetus was found to be unaffected with a certainty of 97 per cent. The ethical issues associated with presymptomatic testing were avoided since the mother presented with initial symptoms of Huntington's disease, but other psychological and ethical issues arose. The concerns of an affected woman planning a pregnancy, and the dilemmas involved in decision-making regarding prenatal diagnosis and possible selective abortion were exposed and explored with the patient and her husband. 相似文献
2.
Siedlecka EM Stepnowski P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):453-458
Background, aim, and scope Ionic liquids are regarded as essentially “green” chemicals because of their insignificant vapor pressure and, hence, are
a good alternative to the emissions of toxic conventional volatile solvents. Not only because of their attractive industrial
applications, but also due to their very high stability, ionic liquids could soon become persistent contaminants of technological
wastewaters and, moreover, break through into natural waters following classical treatment systems. The removal of harmful
organic pollutants has forced the development of new methodologies known as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among them,
the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions are usually modified by the use of a higher hydrogen peroxide concentration and through
different catalysts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on degradation rates
in a Fenton-like system of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids with alkyl chains of varying length and 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride.
Materials and methods The ionic liquids were oxidized in dilute aqueous solution in the presence of two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.
All reactions were performed in the dark to prevent photoreduction of Fe(III). The concentrations of ionic liquids during
the process were monitored with high-performance liquid chromatography. Preliminary degradation pathways were studied with
the aid of 1H NMR.
Results Degradation of ionic liquids in this system was quite effective. Increasing the H2O2 concentration from 100 to 400 mM improved ionic liquid degradation from 57–84% to 87–100% after 60 min reaction time. Resistance
to degradation was weaker, the shorter the alkyl chain.
Discussion The compound omimCl was more resistant to oxidation then other compounds, which suggests that the oxidation rates of imidazolium
ionic liquids by OH· are structure-dependent and are correlated with the n-alkyl chain length substituted at the N-1-position. The level of degradation was dependent on the type of head group. Replacing
the imidazolium head group with pyridinium increased resistance to degradation. Nonetheless, lengthening the alkyl chain from
four to eight carbons lowered the rate of ionic liquid degradation to a greater extent than changing the head group from imidazolium
to pyridinium. 1H-NMR spectra show, in the first stage of degradation, that it is likely that radical attack is nonspecific,
with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack.
Conclusions The proposed method has proven to be an efficient and reliable method for the degradation of imidazolium ionic liquids by
a Fenton-like reagent deteriorated with lengthening n-alkyl substituents and by replacing the imidazolium head group with pyridinium. The enhanced resistance of 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium
chloride when the resistance of imidazolium ionic liquids decreases with increasing H2O2 concentration is probably indicative of a change in the degradation mechanism in a vigorous Fenton-like system. H-NMR spectra
showed, in the first stage of degradation, that radical attack is nonspecific, with any one of the carbon atoms in the ring
and the n-alkyl chain being susceptible to attack.
Recommendations and perspectives Since ionic liquids are now one of the most promising alternative chemicals of the future, the degradation and waste management
studies should be integrated into a general development research of these chemicals. In the case of imidazolium and pyridinium
ionic liquids that are known to be resistant to bio- or thermal degradation, studies in the field of AOPs should assist the
future structural design as well as tailor the technological process of these chemicals 相似文献
3.
杨继文 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2012,22(2):12-14,27
以四川藏区矿产资源的开发利用为研究对象,一方面,从环境公害本土化的视角解读四川藏区的资源开发公害问题;另一方面,从法律的价值和应对的视角对资源开发公害问题进行法律规制,以期对四川藏区生态环境的保护有所裨益。 相似文献
4.
The psychological reactions of 211 women undergoing prenatal diagnosis (PND) with amniocentesis (group A, n = 122) or chorionic villus biopsy (group V, n = 90) were exmained by questionnaires and interviews. The distress experienced while waiting for the test, during the test procedure, and while waiting for the result was reported by the women, both in questionnaires and in interviews. In the questionnaires, no difference between the two diagnostic methods was observed. In the interviews, however, the women undergoing amniocentesis appeared significantly more distressed by the procedure. In group A 97 per cent and in group V 100 per cent wished a method which, like chorionic villus biopsy, could be used in the first weeks of pregnancy. The risk of miscarriage was, as described in other studies, regarded as a serious threat by the pregnant women. 相似文献
5.
强化臭氧化在处理有机废水中的典型反应与应用 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
采用O3与其它物理化学过程联用的强化方法,可以显著提高臭氧强化处理废水的功能与效率,降低臭氧消耗,在多种高浓度有机污染废水的处理中表现出了明显的优越性。 相似文献
6.
7.
Eutrophication control programs are based on phosphorus management which, in turn, requires a detailed quantification of the watershed phosphorus budget. This involves an assessment of non‐point sources of phosphorus, a key element of which is determining the fraction of soil‐P and sediment‐P available to support algal growth. This paper presents a review of the state‐of‐the‐art of estimating algal available‐P from non‐point sources, and an analysis of pertinent data. The need to employ multi‐interval algal bioassays in developing phosphorus management systems is stressed. 相似文献
8.
曹中平 《防灾技术高等专科学校学报》2008,(2):99-103
“春季冰灾”的严重后果无疑是“京珠高速”的瘫痪,而长时间滞留其中的长途汽车司机既是灾害当事人,也是灾害见证人。在灾害持续过程中了解当事人心理活动及其变化过程,在灾害心理学上无疑具有理论意义与实践价值。调查结果表明,灾害持续时间(车辆滞留时间)与当事人的心理活动有着密切的关系,灾害持续一周后,当事人的心理安全感显著下降,应付方式开始从成熟型应对向不成熟型应对退化。看来,灾害持续不仅消解心理健康,而且瓦解应变能力。 相似文献
9.
Junling Li Hong Li Xuezhong Wang Weigang Wang Maofa Ge Hao Zhang Xin Zhang Kun Li Yan Chen Zhenhai Wu Fahe Chai Fan Meng Yujing Mu Abdelwahid Mellouki Fang Bi Yujie Zhang Lingyan Wu Yongchun Liu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(4):185-197
Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary air pollution is very important for the formulation of air pollution control countermeasures in China. Thus, a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber was constructed at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (the CRAES Chamber), which was designed for simulating the atmospheric photochemical processes under the conditions close to the real atmospheric environment. The chamber consisted of a 56-m3 fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film reactor, an electrically-driven stainless steel alloy shield, an auxiliary system, and multiple detection instrumentations. By performing a series of characterization experiments, we obtained basic parameters of the CRAES chamber, such as the mixing ability, the background reactivity, and the wall loss rates of gaseous compounds (propene, NO, NO2, ozone) and aerosols (ammonium sulfate). Oxidation experiments were also performed to study the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including α-pinene ozonolysis, propene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation. Temperature and seed effects on the vapor wall loss and SOA yields were obtained in this work: higher temperature and the presence of seed could reduce the vapor wall loss; SOA yield was found to depend inversely on temperature, and the presence of seed could increase SOA yield. The seed was suggested to be used in the chamber to reduce the interaction between the gas phase and chamber walls. The results above showed that the CRAES chamber was reliable and could meet the demands for investigating tropospheric chemistry. 相似文献
10.
The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 ± 15.2), (36.6 ± 14.5) and (23.4 ± 12.3) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games. 相似文献