海南文昌火箭发射场雷电环境分析

利用海南省18个气象台站的雷暴人工观测资料和海南闪电定位网的观测资料,分析了海南文昌火箭发射场的雷暴特征和雷电环境,结果表明:海南岛的中部和北部雷暴活动较强,西部、东部和南部近海地区的雷暴活动较弱,文昌发射场处在北部较强的雷暴区;采用Krigine(克里格)方法拟合的结果为文昌火箭发射场雷暴日数的年变化从1982年以后逐渐减少,发射场一年中各月都有雷暴发生,4-10月为雷暴高发期;发射场西部、西北部和北部区域雷暴活动较其它区域要强,79%的雷电流强度小于40 kA,而只有5.9%的雷电流强度大于60 kA,一天中闪电的发生有两个高峰时段,一个出现在凌晨5时到6时,另一个时段出现在14时到18时,午后15时左右是闪电活动最频繁的时段。     

基于气囊缓冲的某火箭炮着陆冲击分析

目的减小火箭弹着陆冲击加速度。方法基于LS-DYNA瞬态动力学分析软件和冲击动力学理论,采用有限元软件HYPERMESH建立火箭炮-气囊系统有限元模型,采用显式动力学方法对火箭炮-气囊系统的着陆冲击缓冲过程进行仿真。分析火箭炮在正常着陆工况下,火箭弹的着陆冲击响应,得出空投装备速度、加速度变化曲线,以及气囊的体积、压力曲线。结果在正常着陆工况下,火箭弹横向加速度的最大值为122 m/s2,小于安全的横向加速度;火箭弹纵向加速度的最大值为48.3 m/s2,小于安全的纵向加速度;火箭弹的最大轴向力为2640 N,小于安全闭锁力。结论在火箭炮着陆冲击过程中,气囊缓冲装置吸收了大部分冲击能量,起到了良好的缓冲作用,火箭弹的冲击加速度、闭锁力均在安全范围内。采用显式动力学方法对火箭炮的着陆冲击过程进行分析是可行的。     

THOR dummy chest deflection response in oblique and lateral far-side sled tests

Abstract

Objective: The focus of this study is side impact. Though occupant injury assessment and protection in nearside impacts has received considerable attention and safety standards have been promulgated, field studies show that a majority of far-side occupant injuries are focused on the head and thorax. The 50th percentile male Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) has been used in oblique and lateral far-side impact sled tests, and regional body accelerations and forces and moments recorded by load cells have been previously reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chestband-based deflection responses from these tests.

Methods: The 3-point belt–restrained 50th percentile male THOR dummy was seated upright in a buck consisting of a rigid flat seat, simulated center console, dashboard, far-side side door structure, and armrest. It was designed to conduct pure lateral and oblique impacts. The center console, dashboard, simulated door structure, and armrest were covered with energy-absorbing materials. A center-mounted airbag was mounted to the right side of the seat. Two 59-gage chestbands were routed on the circumference of the thorax, with the upper and lower chestbands at the level of the third and sixth ribs, respectively, following the rib geometry. Oblique and pure lateral far-side impact tests with and without airbags were conducted at 8.3 m/s. Maximum chest deflections were computed by processing temporal contours using custom software and 3 methods: Procedures paralleling human cadaver studies, using the actual anchor point location and actual alignment of the InfraRed Telescoping Rods for the Assessment of Chest Compression (IR-TRACC) in the dummy on each aspect—that is, right or left,—and using the same anchor location of the internal sensor but determining the location of the peak chest deflection on the contour confined to the aspect of the sensor; these were termed the SD, ID, and TD metrics, respectively.

Results: All deformation contours at the upper and lower thorax levels and associated peak deflections are given for all tests. Briefly, the ID metrics were the lowest in magnitude for both pure lateral and oblique modes, regardless of the presence or absence of an airbag. This was followed by the TD metric, and the SD metric produced the greatest deflections.

Conclusion: The chestbands provide a unique opportunity to compute peak deflections that parallel current IR-TRACC-type deflections and allow computation of peak deflections independent of the initial point of attachment to the rib. The differing locations of the peak deflection vectors along the rib contours for different test conditions suggest that a priori attachment is less effective. Further, varying magnitudes of the differences between ID and TD metrics underscore the difficulty in extrapolating ID outputs under different conditions: Pure lateral versus oblique, airbag presence, and thoracic levels. Deflection measurements should, therefore, not be limited to an instrument that can only track from a fixed point. For improved predictions, these results suggest the need to investigate alternative techniques, such as optical methods to improve chest deflection measurements for far-side occupant injury assessment and mitigation.     

远程火箭弹高弹道飞行温度环境分析

目的在不采用防热涂层的前提下,为满足远程火箭弹高弹道飞行的防热需求,提出增加壳体厚度的设计思路。方法通过弹道耦合的气动加热计算,分析不同材料、不同厚度壳体的弹头壁面在飞行过程中的温度变化情况。结果壳体厚度达到20 mm以上时,铝、钢、铜三种材料壳体的外壁面温度均低于150℃,而相同厚度的壳体,钢壳的降温能力最强。结论增加壳体厚度可以有效降低弹头壳体壁面温度。     

Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant

Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) has been found in drinking water supplies throughout the southwestern United States. It is primarily associated with releases of ammonium perchlorate by defense contractors, military operations, and aerospace programs. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid oxidant in missile and rocket propulsion systems. Traces of perchlorate are found in Chile saltpeter, but the use of such fertilizer has not been associated with large scale contamination. Although it is a strong oxidant, perchlorate anion is very persistent in the environment due to the high activation energy associated with its reduction. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can affect thyroid gland functions, where it is mistakenly taken up in place of iodide. A safe daily exposure has not yet been set, but is expected to be released in 2002. Perchlorate is measured in environmental samples primarily by ion chromatography. It can be removed by anion exchange or membrane filtration. It is destroyed by some biological and chemical processes. The environmental occurrence, toxicity, analytical chemistry, and remediative approaches are discussed.     

航天发射场常规液体推进剂作业危险性评估

根据航天发射场常规液体推进剂作业实际情况,利用“日本劳动省化工安全定量评价法”和“蒙德火灾爆炸毒性指标评价法”,对推进剂各作业单元的危险性进行了评估,为实施防护提供了科学的理论依据。     

考虑贮存剖面的固体火箭发动机橡胶密封圈贮存寿命研究

目的 对贮存周期内包含多个温度环境剖面的固体火箭发动机橡胶密封圈贮存寿命进行评估。方法 通过开展硅橡胶材料加速老化试验,结合Arrhenius老化规律,建立硅橡胶老化模型,获得硅橡胶加速老化等当规律,并根据等当关系开展模拟密封装置加速老化试验,考核老化后硅橡胶密封性。最后通过对固体火箭发动机贮存环境剖面进行梳理,计算出贮存周期下的等效温度,并结合试验获得的硅橡胶密封圈老化性能,直接对该贮存周期下密封圈老化寿命进行评估。结果 通过硅橡胶材料老化试验及模拟密封装置老化试验,得到了25℃下硅橡胶能够满足20 a的使用寿命。随后通过梳理并计算得出固体火箭发动机贮存周期下的等效温度为22.78℃,可以直接获得该发动机使用的硅橡胶密封圈寿命在该贮存环境下能够满足20 a使用寿命。结论 通过计算贮存周期下多个温度环境剖面的等效温度,并结合加速老化试验结论,可快速获得橡胶密封圈老化寿命。     

Pelvic restraint cushion sled test evaluation of pelvic forward motion

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a pelvic restraint cushion (PRC), a submarining countermeasure that deploys under the thighs when a crash is detected in order to block the forward motion of the pelvis.

Methods: Sled tests approximating low- and high-speed frontal impacts were conducted with 4 female postmortem human subjects (PMHS) restrained by a lap and shoulder belt in the right front passenger seat. The subjects were tested with and without a PRC.

Results: The PRC is effective in reducing forward motion of the PMHS pelvis and reduces the risk of injury due to lap belt loading in a high-speed frontal crash.

Conclusions: Although small sample size limits the utility of the study's findings, the results suggest that the PRC can limit pelvic forward motion and that pelvic injury due to PRC deployment is not likely.     

液体火箭推进剂个体防护装备的选择、使用和维护

液体火箭推进剂作业存在中毒、灼伤、窒息等危害,个体防护装备的合理选择和正确使用在避免伤害事故中起着至关重要的作用。本文根据液体推进剂作业特点,探讨个体防护装备的选择、配套和使用原则,以期能够有效防止推进剂伤害事故的发生,保障推进剂作业人员的健康和安全。     

基于CMSR的火箭弹可靠性综合评估

当火箭弹的数量较少或造价昂贵时,针对各部组件试验信息多而系统级产品信息较少,无法准确有效实现系统可靠性综合评估的问题,给出基于CMSR的由部组件试验信息向系统级试验信息等效的折合方法,并与系统级试验信息融合,从而实现可靠性评估。综合考虑储存期间部组件检测试验的试验数据,利用CMSR方法实现部组件试验信息向系统级试验信息的折合,综合系统级试验数据,最终实现可靠性评估。在不同置信度下,系统综合火箭弹部组件试验数据和系统级试验数据,给出火箭弹储存多年后的任务可靠度,为火箭弹能否继续服役使用提供支撑。针对系统试验数据少或无试验数据的情况下,利用部组件的试验信息折算成系统级试验信息,利用成败型可靠性计算公式,可求取储存一定年限后系统级产品的任务可靠度。