Distribution and Fractionation of Copper in Soils of Apple Orchards (5 pp)

Background Frequent application of Bordeaux mixture, which includes copper, as a fungicide in fruit and grape orchards may lead to copper accumulation in the soil, especially when orchard age and application times increase. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the copper content and its spatial distribution in orchard soils; (ii) to identify the copper fractionation in soil and its relationship with plant uptake; (iii) to understand the characteristics of copper contamination in orchard soils. Materials and Methods Soil profile samples were taken in apple orchards with ages of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 years and pot experiments were also carried out to study the effects of external copper input on copper fractionation. All soil samples were air-dried, ground and extracted with 0.43 mol L–1 HNO3 for the total absorbed copper. Fractionation determination was conducted following Tessier and Shuman sequential extraction methods, and copper was measured with AAS. Plant samples were first dry ashed, dissolved with 6 mol L–1 HCl and then copper and other elements were measured with ICP-MS.Results and Discussion Soil total Cu was higher in the apple orchards than that in non-orchard fields and was seen to have increased with orchard age. Soil Cu increased substantially with the average annual copper increase, ranging from 2.5 to 9 mg Cu kg–1. The distribution of copper in the soil profile was uneven, decreasing from surface to deeper layers, and the differences were significant, but the contents in every layer were also significantly correlated with those in the next layers. For all copper fractions, the organically bound, crystalline Mn oxide bound, and amorphous Fe bound fractions extracted with the Shuman method were much higher than the exchangeable and residual fractions. Using the Tessier method, organically bound, carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound fractions were much higher. With an increase in external copper input, the organically bound, crystalline Mn oxide bound and amorphous Fe bound fractions in the Shuman method and organically bound, carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound fractions in the Tessier method all increased significantly, while the changes in other fractions were not significant. Soil total copper and copper fractions were found to have good correlations with apple tree uptake. Copper in fruit flesh had significant correlations with soil total content in the 0–10 cm layer, all the copper fractions in the 0–5 cm layer, and some fractions in the deeper layers. Conclusion Copper content in orchard soils increased significantly with intensive application of Bordeaux mixtures and orchard age. Copper content decreased sharply from the topsoil to deeper soil layers. The copper contents in different layers also significantly correlated with those in the next layers. Dominant fractions of the copper in soil were mainly associated with organic matter, iron and manganese oxides and carbonates. A close relationship was found between the copper content in soils and in apple tree organs (which contained 8.9 to 66mg kg–1 Cu). Recommendation and Perspective Though most copper in the soil was specifically adsorbed or immobilized, and copper was mainly distributed in topsoil, which was essentially devoid of roots, the copper concentration of fruit still had significantly positive correlations with soil copper and most copper fractions. Therefore, measures must be taken to control copper accumulation in orchard soils and to make the apple fruit production sustainable.     

Assessment of boscalid and pyraclostrobin disappearance and behavior following application of effective microorganisms on apples

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to assess the disappearance of boscalid (IUPAC name: 2-chloro-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide) and pyraclostrobin (IUPAC name: methyl N-[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate) residues in apple fruit, and to verify whether an organic fertilizer enriched with strains of antagonistic microorganisms can reduce pesticide residue levels. Field trials were conducted in a commercial orchard on apples of the Gloster variety, during 21 days after the treatment with Bellis 38 WG and the subsequent application of Zumba Plant formulation containing Bacillus spp., Trichoderma spp. and Glomus spp. In control samples, the decrease rate of boscalid and pyraclostrobin residue levels followed an exponential function, described by formulae R_t = 0.2824e^?0.071t and R_t = 0.1176e^?0.060t, with the coefficient of determination of r² = 0.8692 and r² = 0.9268, respectively. These levels dropped to half (t_1/2) of their initial values after 9.8 and 11.5 days, respectively. The treatment with Zumba Plant resulted in a reduction in boscalid and pyraclostrobin residue levels by 52% and 41%, respectively. The results of this study are of importance for horticulture sciences and for producers of apples using plant protection products (PPPs).     

霸螨灵在苹果和土壤中的残留动态试验

报道了霸螨灵在苹果上残留动态的研究情况。霸螨灵在苹果果实中的原始沉积量 1995年和 1996年分别为 0 .4 70和 0 .761mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为 2 .5和 3.5d。两年试验结果消解趋势基本一致。按推荐剂量 2 0 0 0倍液和高剂量 10 0 0倍液分 2次和 3次施药 ,14 d后测定 ,霸螨灵在苹果中的残留量分别为 0 .0 98m g/kg和 0 .132 m g/kg,不超过 FAO/W HO关于霸螨灵在苹果中残留限量 1m g/kg的规定 ,因而对人是安全的     

pH值对有机垃圾厌氧水解和酸化速率的影响

通过易腐性有机垃圾的批式厌氧发酵实验,比较不同的发酵液pH值对水解和酸化速率的影响.结果表明,发酵液的pH值为5～7时有利于颗粒态有机物的水解;在pH值不控制及pH值为5,6,7,8条件下,微生物处于静止生长期时,水解速率常数K分别为6.81×10^-5,6.57×10^-4,3.51×10^-4,7.55×10^-4,2.47×10^-4h-1.发酵液pH=7时最有利于微生物的合成代谢,从而促进碳水化合物和蛋白质的水解过程和酸化过程,表现为代谢产物如乙醇、乙酸、丁酸和氨氮的大量生成,以及其他代谢产物种类的增加;pH=5和pH=6时,反应后期能促进酸化过程;pH=8时,会抑制酸化过程;对pH值不控制时,严重抑制水解和酸化过程.     

酸性物质对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响

了解不同酸性物质对堆肥过程中氮素转化和NH_3排放的影响,是筛选保氮添加剂的重要环节,对于堆肥中氮素控制具有重要意义.以新鲜猪粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥原料,磷肥、腐烂苹果和食用醋为添加剂,在实验室进行40 d的静态高温堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、GI、氮素化合物和TOC含量的变化特征.结果表明,CK、P、A和V这4个处理高温期(50℃)均持续了10 d以上,达到高温堆肥化卫生标准.添加磷肥延缓了堆体进入高温期的时间,降低了堆体的pH值,使整个过程的EC值保持较高水平.各处理氮素损失分别为53.1%、36.2%、46.5%和41.5%,主要集中在0~16 d之间,而P和V处理在16~24 d之间仍有20%左右的氮素损失.其中NH_3-N损失占氮素损失的26.0%、11.8%、21.5%和20.2%.添加酸性物质有效降低了堆肥的氮素和NH_3-N损失,其中以添加磷肥效果最好.堆肥结束时,各处理GI均达到80%以上,达到了腐熟的要求.     

Food (miles) for Thought - Energy Balance for Locally-grown versus Imported Apple Fruit (3 pp)

- This commentary compares the primary energy requirement for apples (cultivar ‘Braeburn’), which were either imported or locally-grown in Meckenheim, Germany. Imported apples of the same cultivar were grown in a Southern hemisphere winter in Nelson, Southland, New Zealand, and were picked at the end of March with subsequent 28 d transport by sea for sale in April in Germany. Locally-grown apples (cultivar ‘Braeburn’) were picked in mid-October and required a primary energy of nearly 6 MJ/kg of fruit including 0.8 MJoule/kg for five months CA storage at 1°C during a Northern hemisphere winter until mid-March. This compared favourably with 7.5 MJoule/kg for overseas shipment from New Zealand, i.e. a ca. 27% greater energy requirement for these imported fruits. Overall, the primary energy requirement of regional produce, stored several months on-site, partially compensated for the larger energy required to import fresh fruit from overseas. This result is in marked contrast to reported overestimates of a reported up to 8-fold energy requirement for domestic versus imported apple juice concentrate [7]. Our own findings of less primary energy required for domestic apple fruit is discussed with respect to providing local employment, fruit orchards preserving the countryside, quality assurance systems for local fruit such as QS and EUREP-GAP, networking and other factors favouring regional production.     

以腐朽木为碳源去除废水中硝酸盐氮的研究

采用室内装置研究了腐朽木的碳源释放规律,并考察其作为碳源和反应介质的水解-反硝化生物反应器对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果.结果表明,腐朽木可有效地释放碳源物质,接种腐殖质组腐朽木释放COD和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量分别是灭菌组的2.3倍和5倍;室温25℃±1℃,进水NO-3-N浓度为30 mg/L,水力停留时间为12 h时,水解-反硝化反应器可获得很好的反硝化效果,保持去除率80%以上稳定运行46 d后,出水硝酸盐氮逐步升高,运行过程中未发现亚硝氮累积.     

Assessment of GC–MS response of selected pesticides in apple matrices related to matrix concentration

A uniform analyte response is required for GC–MS analysis in order to obtain acceptable quantitative results. The response of pesticides in complex matrices is susceptible to variation due to the interactions of co-extractives, both with pesticides or with GC–MS system. This study was conducted to determine the magnitude of the interactions, called matrix effect, and their behavior with the matrix dilution. The response of pyrimethanil (4,6-dimethyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine), cyprodinil (4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine), trifloxystrobin (methyl-(2Z)-2-methoxyimino-2-[2-[[(E)-1-[3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene amino]oxymethyl]phenyl]acetate) and bifenthrin(2-methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate), used in apple crops protection, was evaluated in different concentrations of peel and flesh extracts of Granny Smith, Golden Delicious and Demi Rouge, selected as representatives of different matrix types. The matrix effect ranged from ?0.05 to 146.14%, depending on matrix type and pesticide. The highest response variation was observed in extracts of Granny Smith—an enhancement in flesh and suppression in peel extract. With the dilution, the matrix effect decreased with different magnitudes, but for Granny Smith peel extract an inverted effect was observed. The presence of the matrix effect in GC–MS pesticides analysis was obvious, requiring the application of matrix-matched calibration in quantification procedures for each variety, with calibration standards matched by the matrix concentration.     

甘薯块根腐烂真菌的分离和鉴定

从腐烂甘薯块根中分离到4株丝状真菌,分别编号为SP-1、SP-2、SP-3和SP-4,它们都能在甘薯块根片上快速生长.将这4株真菌接种在PDA培养基上,观察其菌落形态和结构特征.提取4株菌的总DNA,利用真菌的18S rDNA通用引物进行扩增、克隆和测序,其18S rDNA序列的长度分别为1 810 bp、1 769 bp、1 768 bp和1 770 bp.将这些序列在GenBank中进行序列比对,获得的同源性较高的序列用于构建系统进化树.根据分子鉴定和形态观察的结果,SP-1菌株是匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)SP-1,SP-2是尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)SP-2,SP-3是康宁肉座菌(Hypocreakoningii)SP-3,SP-4是肉座菌属(Hypocrea),命名为Hypocrea sp.SP-4.     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.