中德中小学环境教育比较

从环境教育的概念出发，较系统地阐述了中德在中小学环境教育方面的异同，进而从认识，观念、科技，管理等角度提出了我国在实施中小学环境教育时可借鉴的一些看法。     

浅谈高职高专院校中的语文素质教育

一方面阐释语文素质教育在高职高专教育中的重要性及其作用;另一方面阐释了作为一名大学语文教师应如何在教学中体现"素质教育",培养出具有较高综合素质的职业技术人才.     

淮南小学校园不同活动场所灰尘重金属区域分异及生物可给性

利用PBET(Physiologically Based Extraction Test)体外胃肠模拟方法研究淮南市小学校园不同活动场所灰尘中8种典型重金属(Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V和Zn)在胃肠阶段的生物可给量,并计算其生物可给性,采用US EPA人体健康风险评价方法,评估研究区灰尘重金属经手-口暴露途径摄入对儿童产生的健康风险.结果表明;与淮南市土壤环境背景值相比,淮南市小学校园不同活动场所灰尘重金属总量普遍偏高,累积量较大的是Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,富集程度较高.对比分析不同活动场所灰尘重金属含量发现,楼道灰尘重金属在3种活动场所中富集程度较高,其中Cd富集水平最高,主要因为楼道灰尘重金属不仅来源于楼道内部金属栏杆扶手生锈老化和防腐防锈油漆使用,同时受到室外污染源的影响.相关分析和主成分分析表明,灰尘重金属主要来自室外交通活动、工业活动、自然源以及室内污染源,Cd主要来自燃煤活动.PBET法提取重金属可给量在胃和小肠阶段差异较大,Cd、Pb、V和Zn在胃阶段生物可给量高于肠阶段.对比不同活动场所灰尘重金属生物可给量发现,在胃肠阶段均表现为楼道灰尘重金属可给量高于操场灰尘和校门口灰尘.健康风险评估表明,Zn在不同活动场所灰尘中重金属日平均暴露量最高,非致癌风险商(HQ)小于1,在安全阈值之内,对儿童不存在非致癌风险.Cd、Co、Cr和Ni的致癌风险商(CR)大小顺序为楼道灰尘操场灰尘校门口灰尘,在人体可承受范围内.楼道灰尘重金属的总非致癌风险指数(HI)最大,达0.118,因暴露时间较长,对儿童的潜在危害不容忽视.     

Flooding and schools: experiences in Hull in 2007

Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom, suffered severe flooding in June 2007, affecting some 8,600 households and most schools. Despite the potential for damage in such disasters, no studies of the effects of floods on teachers and schools in the UK appear to have been published previously. This study analysed the impacts of the floods on teachers in Hull in two stages: first through correspondence with Hull City Council and a mailed questionnaire to 91 head teachers of primary, secondary, and special schools; and second, through in‐depth interviews with head teachers from six flooded schools, representing different degrees of flood experience, and a questionnaire completed by eight teachers from the same schools. The findings reveal the importance and the complexity of the role of the school in the wider community in a time of crisis. The study highlights issues concerning preparedness for floods, support for schools, and flood protection for schools.     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

Dangerous student car drop-off behaviors and child pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions: An observational study

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the association between dangerous student car drop-off behaviors and historical child pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions (PMVCs) near elementary schools in Toronto, Canada.

Methods: Police-reported child PMVCs during school travel times from 2000 to 2011 were mapped within 200 m of 118 elementary schools. Observers measured dangerous student morning car drop-off behaviors and number of children walking to school during one day in 2011. A composite score of school social disadvantage was obtained from the Toronto District School Board. Built environment and traffic features were mapped and included as covariates. A multivariate Poisson regression was used to model the rates of PMVC/number of children walking and dangerous student car drop-off behaviors, adjusting for the built environment and social disadvantage.

Results: There were 45 child PMVCs, with 29 (64%) sustaining minor injuries resulting in emergency department visits. The mean collision rate was 2.9/10,000 children walking/year (SD = 6.7). Dangerous drop-off behaviors were observed in 104 schools (88%). In the multivariate analysis, each additional dangerous drop-off behavior was associated with a 45% increase in collision rates (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02, 2.07). Higher speed roads (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.13, 1.44) and social disadvantage (IRR = 2.99, 95% CI, 1.03, 8.68) were associated with higher collision rates.

Conclusions: Dangerous student car drop-off behaviors were associated with historical nonfatal child PMVC rates during school travel times near schools. Some caution must be taken in interpreting these results due small number of events and limitations in the data collection, because collision data were collected historically over a 12-year period, whereas driving behavior was only observed on a single day in 2011. Targeted multifaceted intervention approaches related to the built environment, enforcement, and education could address dangerous drop-off behaviors near schools to reduce child PMVCs and promote safe walking to school.     

基于随机森林评价的兰州市主城区校园地表灰尘重金属污染

将2018年1~12月兰州市主城区校园地表灰尘重金属元素含量计算得到的综合污染指数（P_N）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）作为训练集,使用11个影响地表灰尘重金属污染和积累的特征参数,利用随机森林算法对信息采样点的P_N、RI进行估算,分析了地表灰尘重金属污染的时空变化特征,并对传统算法插值结果和随机森林插值结果进行了比较.结果表明,研究区地表灰尘重金属各元素浓度均高于本地背景值;研究区P_N排序为城关区 > 西固区 > 安宁区 > 七里河区,RI排序为城关区 > 西固区 > 七里河区 > 安宁区,P_N和RI在空间分布特征上很相似,都位于交通枢纽或市中心;P_N在冬季和夏季出现高值,RI高值则出现在冬季,冬季高值主要源于采暖燃煤源的增加;空间插值结果对比表明随机森林插值结果优于传统算法插值结果.     

Neighborhood quality in environmentally stressed areas of Accra, Ghana: a comparison with US counterparts

A sample of 873 residents of Accra, Ghana, stratified by type of neighborhood was gathered in order to measure the association of poor neighborhood quality with neighborhood problems and residents' personal characteristics. Strong associations were found with poor schools, physical blight, rowdy and criminal behavior, ethnic differences, and environmental problems. In addition, poor neighborhood quality was strongly associated with mistrust of authority and a feeling of a lack of control over neighborhood activities. Respondents identified road, street, drainage, sewage, and other infrastructure deficiencies as priorities to address, even though these were not prominent discriminators of neighborhood quality ratings. Many of these findings are common to counterparts in the US, but some findings appear to reflect cultural and differences in urbanization.     

创建绿色学校的实践探析

环境保护，教育为本．该文回顾、总结了广州市近年来创建绿色学校的经验和体会，提出今后深入开展这一活动的若干措施。     

Organization of School Centres and Environmental Education: In Search of Action Models for the Greening of School Organization

The introduction of environmental education (EE) in school centres is a process which has mainly followed two paths. One centred on teaching actions, on the curriculum organization and administration in order to enable educational practice orientated towards attaining the aims of EE. The other, which is here denominated 'organizational strategy' focuses, basically, on the organization and administration of the centre from an environmental perspective. The characteristics and main results of this 'environmental education and school organization' research project are described, dedicating special attention to the assessments of some of the participants. A series of elements for discussion and debate which could be useful in the development of future projects and actions within the framework of school organization greening is presented.