A Procedure for NEPA Assessment of Selenium Hazards Associated With Mining

This paper gives step-by-step instructions for assessing aquatic selenium hazards associated with mining. The procedure was developed to provide the U.S. Forest Service with a proactive capability for determining the risk of selenium pollution when it reviews mine permit applications in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The procedural framework is constructed in a decision-tree format in order to guide users through the various steps, provide a logical sequence for completing individual tasks, and identify key decision points. There are five major components designed to gather information on operational parameters of the proposed mine as well as key aspects of the physical, chemical, and biological environment surrounding it — geological assessment, mine operation assessment, hydrological assessment, biological assessment, and hazard assessment. Validation tests conducted at three mines where selenium pollution has occurred confirmed that the procedure will accurately predict ecological risks. In each case, it correctly identified and quantified selenium hazard, and indicated the steps needed to reduce this hazard to an acceptable level. By utilizing the procedure, NEPA workers can be confident in their ability to understand the risk of aquatic selenium pollution and take appropriate action. Although the procedure was developed for the Forest Service it should also be useful to other federal land management agencies that conduct NEPA assessments, as well as regulatory agencies responsible for issuing coal mining permits under the authority of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) and associated Section 401 water quality certification under the Clean Water Act. Mining companies will also benefit from the application of this procedure because priority selenium sources can be identified in relation to specific mine operating parameters. The procedure will reveal the point(s) at which there is a need to modify operating conditions to meet environmental quality goals. By recognizing concerns early in the NEPA process, it may be possible for a mining company to match operational parameters with environmental requirements, thereby increasing the likelihood that the permit application will be approved.     

土壤铜硒复合污染中金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响

采用土培盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了Cu、Se复合污染土壤中2种金属的形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,在未污染土壤中,Cu主要以残渣态存在,Se主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在.在外源Cu、Se污染土壤中,平衡后(14 d),外源Cu主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Se主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态存在;小白菜收获后,土壤中的Cu向有机结合态转化,而Se向铁锰氧化物结合态转化.外源Cu与土壤结合程度(IR值)均随外源Cu和Se浓度升高而逐渐降低;而Se与土壤结合程度(IR值)与外源Cu浓度无关,随外源Se浓度升高而下降.S型曲线拟合方程表明,适量的Se(≤10mg.kg-1)可以促进小白菜对Cu的吸收,同样适量的Cu(≤400 mg.kg-1)能促进小白菜对Se的吸收.土壤的Cu、Se的IR值与小白菜体内Cu、Se含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),小白菜种植前后土壤中可交换态和有机结合态铜和硒的变化量与小白菜地上、地下含量也呈显著相关(P<0.05).因此,土壤元素的IR值和作物种植前后该元素形态的变化量均可作为评价重金属生物有效性的指标.     

厌氧系统中酵母浸出物提高Co、Fe生物有效性的研究

采用半连续实验,研究中、低温条件下酵母浸出物对厌氧系统中Co、Fe溶解性能和生物有效性的改善作用.结果表明,酵母浸出物对提高纯水中和投加不同有机基质的水中溶解态Co、Fe浓度有明显效果,能显著提高低温下厌氧系统中Co、Fe的生物有效性.在15℃和35℃下,投加酵母浸出物后,水中溶解态Co、Fe浓度均有上升,其中Fe浓度升高明显.啤酒废水等含有酵母浸出物的废水对这种提升作用也有帮助.在15℃厌氧系统中移除酵母浸出物、Co、Fe之后,COD去除率由91.6%下降到58%;重新投加Co、Fe后效果有所回升,其中同时添加酵母浸出物的系统,其COD去除率回升明显,升幅达31.6%,产甲烷速率也呈上升趋势,证实了同时投加酵母浸出物和Co、Fe可有效促进低温下厌氧生物系统的处理效能.     

导数同步荧光法测定硒

对硒与２,３－二氨基萘（ＤＡＮ）络合物在有机溶剂中的同步荧光光增进行了研究,当同步荧光法谱的△λ选择１４０ｎｍ时,可获得一锐形单隆光谱,在此基础上获得了一阶导数同步荧光和二阶导数同步荧光的最佳实验条件。用一阶导数同步荧光定量测定硒可提高的灵敏度和改善精密度,在仪器的中挡灵敏范围,硒的检测限为１．５ｎｇ,硒浓度在０－２５０ｎｇ时,硒浓度与荧光强度的直线关系是ｙ＝０．４４ｘ－０．１８,相关系数（ｒ）０     

外源硒对黄瓜抗性、镉积累及镉化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验,在土壤Cd(20 mg·kg-1)污染条件下,测定了不同浓度的Na2Se O3(Se水平为0、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)处理对2个黄瓜(Cucumis satiuus L.)品种(低Cd富集植物品种津优1号和高Cd富集品种燕白)生物量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及黄瓜体内Cd形态和Cd积累量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硒(Na2Se O3)后,黄瓜叶、茎、根、果实、植株干重,以及Cd含量和积累量在两个品种间的差异达到了显著性水平.随硒浓度的增加,燕白叶的丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,津优1号叶的丙二醛含量则逐渐减少;燕白根的丙二醛含量先增后降,津优1号根的丙二醛含量先降后增.喷施Na2Se O3后,黄瓜叶和根的CAT、SOD和POD活性呈现不同变化趋势.喷施外源硒降低了2个品种果实中不同形态Cd含量.叶面喷施Na2Se O3使黄瓜叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd含量分别下降了3.2%~17.9%、14.6%~28.2%、5.1%~18.5%和60.6%~75.8%.比较2个供试黄瓜品种,无论喷施Na2Se O3与否,黄瓜植株中Cd积累量以津优1号燕白.     

融合菌-活性污泥联合曝气吸附处理重金属铬

研究了融合菌RHJ-004与活性污泥联合曝气处理含铬废水的生物吸附性能。结果表明,融合菌RHJ-004与活性污泥联合曝气对铬具有良好的处理效果,投加10g/L菌体、6g/L污泥,处理50mg/L的铬液,还原率可达83.26%,去除率达72.04%。该吸附剂对处理酸性含铬废水具有很大的潜力,在pH=1￣5时,还原率均>80%,去除率均>70%;溶解氧是影响该吸附过程的一个重要参数,当DO=2￣4mg/L时,生物吸附效果较好,还原率达到75%以上,去除率也超过65%;融合菌RHJ-004与活性污泥对六价铬的联合吸附可用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型描述,但Freundlich模型的拟合效果更好。     

一株产絮酵母菌废菌体对Cd2+的吸附特性

将一株产絮酵母菌(编号B-02号)发酵后的废菌体制成生物吸附剂,研究该生物吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的生物吸附特性。结果表明:(1)pH值对Cd2+会产生较大的影响,偏酸性(pH=4～6)条件利于吸附;该吸附剂对Cd2+吸附速率较快,8～10 min就可达到吸附平衡;(2)吸附剂的吸附动力学符合二级动力学模型,吸附Cd2+的实验数据对Langmuir等温式的拟合情况良好,吸附剂吸附Cd2+的最大吸附量为70.752 mg/g。用0.5 mol/L HNO3对吸附Cd2+的酵母菌进行解吸,解吸率可达89.7%。     

The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web

Background, aim, and scope  Selenium (Se) has been shown to reduce mercury (Hg) bioavailability and trophic transfer in aquatic ecosystems. The study of methylmercury (MeHg) and Se bioaccumulation by plankton is therefore of great significance in order to obtain a better understanding of the estuarine processes concerning Hg and Se accumulation and biomagnification throughout the food web. In the western South Atlantic, few studies have documented trace element and MeHg in fish tissues. No previous study about trace elements and MeHg in plankton has been conducted concerning tropical marine food webs. Se, Hg, and MeHg were determined in two size classes of plankton, microplankton (70–290 μm) and mesoplankton (≥290 μm), and also in muscle tissues and livers of four fish species of different trophic levels (Mugil liza, a planktivorous fish; Bagre spp., an omnivorous fish; Micropogonias furnieri, a benthic carnivorous fish; and Centropomus undecimalis, a pelagic carnivorous fish) from a polluted estuary in the Brazilian Southeast coast, Guanabara Bay. Biological and ecological factors such as body length, feeding habits, and trophic transfer were considered in order to outline the relationships between these two elements. The differences in trace element levels among the different trophic levels were investigated. Materials and methods  Fish were collected from July 2004 to August 2005 at Guanabara Bay. Plankton was collected from six locations within the bay in August 2005. Total mercury (THg) was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. MeHg analysis was conducted by digesting samples with an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution followed by dithizone-toluene extraction. MeHg was then identified and quantified in the toluene layer by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Se was determined by AAS using graphite tube with Pin platform and Zeeman background correction. Results and discussion  Total mercury, MeHg, and Se increased with plankton size class. THg and Se values were below 2.0 and 4.8 μg g⁻¹ dry wt in microplankton and mesoplankton, respectively. A large excess of molar concentrations of Se in relation to THg was observed in both plankton size class and both fish tissues. Plankton presented the lowest concentrations of this element. In fish, the liver showed the highest THg and Se concentrations. THg and Se in muscle were higher in Centropomus undecimalis (3.4 and 25.5 nmol g⁻¹) than in Micropogonias furnieri (2.9 and 15.3 nmol g⁻¹), Bagre spp (1.3 and 3.4 nmol g⁻¹) and Mugil liza (0.3 and 5.1 nmol g⁻¹), respectively. The trophic transfer of THg and Se was observed between trophic levels from prey (considering microplankton and mesoplankton) to top predator (fish). The top predators in this ecosystem, Centropomus undecimalis and Micropogonias furnieri, presented similar MeHg concentrations in muscles and liver. Microplankton presented lower ratios of methylmercury to total mercury concentration (MeHg/THg) (34%) than those found in mesoplankton (69%) and in the muscle of planktivorous fish, Mugil liza (56%). The other fish species presented similar MeHg/THg in muscle tissue (of around 100%). M. liza showed lower MeHg/THg in the liver than C. undecimalis (35%), M. furnieri (31%) and Bagre spp. (22%). Significant positive linear relationships were observed between the molar concentrations of THg and Se in the muscle tissue of M. furnieri and M. liza. These fish species also showed significant inverse linear relationships between hepatic MeHg and Se, suggesting a strong antagonistic effect of Se on MeHg assimilation and accumulation. Conclusions  Differences found among the concentrations THg, MeHg, and Se in microplankton, mesozooplankton, and fishes were probably related to the preferred prey and bioavailability of these elements in the marine environment. The increasing concentration of MeHg and Se at successively higher trophic levels of the food web of Guanabara Bay corresponds to a transfer between trophic levels from the lower trophic level to the top-level predator, suggesting that MeHg and Se were biomagnified throughout the food web. Hg and Se were positively correlated with the fish standard length, suggesting that larger and older fish bioaccumulated more of these trace elements. THg, MeHg, and Se were a function of the plankton size. Recommendations and perspectives  There is a need to assess the role of selenium in mercury accumulation in tropical ecosystems. Without further studies of the speciation of selenium in livers of fishes from this region, the precise role of this element, if any, cannot be verified in positively affecting mercury accumulation. Further studies of this element in the study of marine species should include liver samples containing relatively high concentrations of mercury. A basin-wide survey of selenium in fishes is also recommended.     

新型破碎压榨联合生物工艺处理餐厨垃圾中试研究

采用新型破碎压榨预处理、油液渣三相分离的联合生物工艺(CBP)处理广州市餐厨垃圾,研究该工艺对餐厨垃圾减量率、产乙醇量、回收油脂和高蛋白酒糟的效能。结果表明:1)新型破碎压榨预处理后,餐厨垃圾减量率达90%以上,且压榨渣的干基低位燃烧值为4 885 kJ/kg,达到GB/T 18750—2008《生活垃圾焚烧炉及余热锅炉》的垃圾焚烧标准。2)在偏酸性(pH为3.62)和含盐量较高(盐分浓度为8.03 g/L)的环境下,酵母代谢工程菌(噬污酵母)在24 h内对餐厨垃圾总糖转化为乙醇的效率高达91.78%,说明酵母代谢工程菌具有耐盐耐酸性及糖醇转化的高效性。3)联合生物加工工艺对餐厨垃圾的油脂回收率为89.78%,对高蛋白酒糟的回收率为98.39%,且产品特性达到GB/T 25866—2010《玉米干全酒糟(玉米DDGS)》高脂型一级标准;对乙醇回收率为94.99%,且产品特性达到GB/T 394.1—2008《工业酒精》一级标准。联合生物加工工艺对餐厨垃圾处理具有减量化程度高、发酵周期短、产品回收率高且品质好的优势。     

具有LXRα活性效应物质的新型筛查方法研究

为了检测环境中潜在的LXRα效应物质.本研究以LXRα蛋白为例,利用核受体蛋白与小分子亲和结合的原理,构建了pCold-TF-LXRα重组蛋白并优化了重组蛋白的表达条件,建立了特异性捕获活性物质的方法.结果表明：诱导温度为20℃、诱导剂IPTG浓度为0.4mmol/L为重组蛋白的最佳表达条件;同时,利用LXRα激动剂T0901317 4个梯度浓度（0.25,2.5,25,250μg/L）的加标回收率实验测得线性回归曲线为y =0.83604x+0.40763,R²=0.9948,证明方法具有有效性;对比pCold-TF空载体蛋白（6.42%）和重组蛋白（79.83%）对T0901317（250 μg/L）的回收率,说明方法具有特异性.为了验证方法的实用性,将重组蛋白与15种典型的有机磷酸酯类化合物（OPEs）的混合标样进行“捕获”实验,证明了TPHP、BPADP、TCrP、EHDPP、TNBP、RDP、TEHP、TDCIPP具有LXRα的活性效应.最后,用酵母双杂交实验验证了这8种OPEs均为LXRα的拮抗剂.