HYDROLOGIC STAGE PERIODICITY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BEFORE AND AFTER SYSTEMATIC CHANNEL MODIFICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Periodic flood disturbance is a well known controlling factor of in channel and floodplain ecosystem function. However, channel manipulations during the last century have potentially altered hydrologic fluctuations, and thus ecosystem function. We examined temporal river stage hydrology, through autocorrelation analysis, at seven gauges along the Mississippi River to quantify flow periodicity and effects of systematic channel modifications on flow periodicity. Intraannual variation follows a strong one‐year cycle of six months higher flow and six months lower flow for the entire Mississippi River drainage, with precipitation as a driving force. Interannual hydrologic variation differs between the upper and lower river segments. A clear quasi‐biennial oscillation pattern was evident throughout the lower river section. The effect of channel alterations was a decreased magnitude of differences between lower and higher flows. The upper section, however, suggests a 12‐to 14‐year periodicity prior to alterations and a decreased duration of lower flow years following systematic modifications. Interannual variograms clearly depict very different temporal hydrology between the upper Mississippi River and the lower Mississippi River, suggesting the simple transfer of knowledge from one segment to the other oversimplifies the complexity of a large river system.     

长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤多氯联苯空间分布特征

在面积为27 km² 的长江三角洲某典型污染地区用GPS定位系统布设了191个取样点,采用GC-ECD法测定了表层农田土壤16种多氯联苯组分及含量.统计结果表明,该典型区农田土壤16种多氯联苯总量变化范围是0.01～484.5 ng/g, 平均值是35.52 ng/g,而且以三氯和四氯联苯为主（占55.7%）,同时也含有一定比例的五氯和六氯联苯（占44.3%）.空间分析发现,该区农田土壤中PCBs总量及其各同系物在所研究的尺度上存在较强的空间自相关格局,其PCBs的空间分布模式主要可能受到一些较为分散的人为因素影响,应重点对当地这些人为活动排污行业进行整治,以消除污染来源.     

北京市大兴区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征

在面积为1039km2的北京市大兴区布设了70个取样点,测定了其表层土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、As、Se、Hg和Co的含量.统计结果表明,除As和Se外,其它重金属平均含量均高于其背景含量.只有个别地方Cd的含量超过了国家二级标准限值,而其余重金属含量均没有超过其二级标准.通过半方差函数分析,发现10种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性.采用Kriging最优内插法得到了表层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图,发现土壤重金属含量与土壤质地和有机质含量关系密切.目前大兴区土壤重金属的主要来源是污灌,特别是来自凉水河、新凤河和凤河的污水,应重点对这些河流周围的排污企业进行治理,严格执行达标排放.     

森林类型对土壤表层有机碳空间异质性的影响

对西南山地阔叶林区的天然阔叶混交林、天然次生林和人工柳杉林的土壤表层有机碳（SSOC）进行了测定,并用地统计学理论构建了3种亚热带森林生态系统在小尺度上的SSOC半方差理论模型。结果表明,不同森林生态系统间SSOC含量差异性显著,表现为天然阔叶混交林>天然次生林>人工柳杉林,SSOC含量与土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度和有机质相关性显著;天然阔叶混交林的SSOC空间相关性最强,次生林次之,人工林较弱;天然阔叶混交林SSOC在45°方向上空间变异最明显,天然次生林和人工林在各个方向上的变异均较弱;天然阔叶混交林SSOC的等值线较密,梯度变化急剧,天然次生林次之,人工林等值线稀疏,梯度变化不明显。总之,不同森林类型对SSOC含量和分布有着重要影响。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地草地荒漠化景观现状的定量分析

基于相互垂直的2条5km长的样线的野外调查,分析了鄂尔多斯高原东南部地区沙地草地的景观现状.对2条样线上的斑块出现的频度的统计分析表明,该地区景观以小尺度斑块为主,有95%以上的斑块直径小于50m,平均斑块直径只有15m,但仍有较大面积的流沙斑块存在.对沿样线的裸地百分比盖度的半方差分析揭示了该区域荒漠化景观依赖于空间尺度的环境异质性,所调查的沿样线裸地百分比盖度的分维,接近于2,说明其空间异质性主要集中在较小的尺度上.这说明该区景观较为稳定,但沙化面积有扩大的趋势.