Research on flow assurance of deepwater submarine natural gas pipelines: Hydrate prediction and prevention

The formation of hydrate will lead to serious flow assurance problems in deepwater submarine natural gas transmission pipelines. However, the accurate evaluation model of the hydrate blocking risk for submarine natural gas transportation is still lacking. In this work, a novel model is established for evaluating the hydrate risk in deepwater submarine gas pipelines. Based on hydrate growth-deposition mechanism, the mathematical model mainly consists of mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. Meantime, the model results are obtained by finite difference method and iterative technique. Finally, the model has been applied in the production of deepwater gas field (L Gas Field) in China, and the sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters has been carried out. The results show that: (a). The mathematical model can well predict the hydrate blockage risk in deepwater natural gas pipelines after verification. (b). Hydrate is easily formed at the intersection of horizontal pipeline and vertical riser, and the maximum blocking position often occurs in middle of the riser. (c). The hydrate blockage degree and length of hydrate formation region (HFR) decrease with the increase of gas transport rate. (d). The hydrate blockage degree and length of HFR decrease with the increase of gas transport temperature. (e). The hydrate blockage degree and length of HFR increase with the extension of horizontal pipeline. (f). Injecting inhibitors can effectively inhibit hydrate formation and blockage, but the improvement of transmission measures can significantly reduce the dosage of inhibitor. It is concluded that measures such as increasing gas transportation rate and temperature, shortening horizontal pipeline length, optimizing inhibitor injection point and injection rate can play a safe, economic and efficient role in hydrate preventing and controlling.     

A new leak location method based on leakage acoustic waves for oil and gas pipelines

In order to study a new leak detection and location method for oil and natural gas pipelines based on acoustic waves, the propagation model is established and modified. Firstly, the propagation law in theory is obtained by analyzing the damping impact factors which cause the attenuation. Then, the dominant-energy frequency bands of leakage acoustic waves are obtained through experiments by wavelet transform analysis. Thirdly, the actual propagation model is modified by the correction factor based on the dominant-energy frequency bands. Then a new leak detection and location method is proposed based on the propagation law which is validated by the experiments for oil pipelines. Finally, the conclusions and the method are applied to the gas pipelines in experiments. The results indicate: the modified propagation model can be established by the experimental method; the new leak location method is effective and can be applied to both oil and gas pipelines and it has advantages over the traditional location method based on the velocity and the time difference. Conclusions can be drawn that the new leak detection and location method can effectively and accurately detect and locate the leakages in oil and natural gas pipelines.     

铁基质强化新型功能性化粪池高效处理黑水的试验

以铁基质生物载体为核心,将物理、生物和化学方法结合,对化粪池进行功能强化,实现黑水的原位深度处理.探究了溶解氧（DO）和碳氮比（C/N）等因素对黑水中污染物降解的影响,并在最佳运行参数下考察了氮素在系统中的转化机制.结果表明,当C/N为7.3~8.4时,好氧生物铁基质载体池DO为2.3~2.7mg/L时,系统氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN） 、COD和总磷（TP）的平均去除率分别可达90.74%、85.81%、92.65%和95.78%;当进水C/N降至3.3~4.2时,系统NH₄⁺-N、TN、COD和TP的平均去除率仍可维持在81.16%、76.62%、93.87%和94.75%.铁基质生物载体内电解作用显著强化了化粪池内TN的脱除、COD的氧化和TP的固定.氮素转化机制分析表明,内电解与反硝化菌的耦合强化了反硝化作用,降低了反硝化过程对有机碳源的需求,强化了低C/N条件下TN、TP的脱除.     

两段接触氧化法处理生活污水的工程实例

本污水厂设计规模 70 0 0m3 d ,进水CODCr3 0 0mg L ,BOD515 0mg L ,SS 2 0 0mg L ,采用两段接触氧化法处理工艺 ,运行结果表明 ,出水水质达到GB8978 1996污水综合排放标准中的二级标准     

分散式小区污水回用分析研究

污水回用处理可分为分散式和集中式,本文着重就分散式小区污水回用处理模式进行探讨,比较分析国内外典型国家或城市的技术和应用现状,在此基础上,指出我国分散式小区污水回用模式当前实施存在的问题及今后的发展趋势.     

生物接触氧化法处理煤矿生活污水的工艺探讨

根据煤矿生活污水的特点，结合几年来工作和学习的经验及体会，论述生物接触氧化法的工艺流程，讨论设计中遇到的问题，探讨设计参数，使用填料和选取方法，为今后的污水处理站设计提供参考。     

新型生活污水处理装置研究

介绍了新型生活污水处理装置的工艺 ,影响装置处理效果的主要因素。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中能量平衡的理论分析

从热力学角度研究城市污泥的好氧堆肥过程,根据热力学第一定律,建立了好氧堆肥过程中的能量平衡关系,并给出了平衡关系中各参数的计算方法。     

复合催化氧化技术对油气田压裂返排液的处理研究

酸化压裂作业废水是石油天然气生产过程中的主要污染源,它的污染成份复杂,有害物质浓度高,特别是含有胍胶和表面活性剂等高分子物质,具有高COD、高稳定度、高粘度的特点.本文通过对压裂液的来源、水质特征、治理现状等常用方法的分析,确定了物理化学脱稳,过滤、O3/H2O2复合催化氧化、深度氧化的达标治理工艺路线.经过处理后的压裂液澄清透明,达到国家二级排放标准(GB8978-96).     

医院污水处理系统工艺改进的研究初探

通过对昆明某医院污水处理系统工艺两次改造的实验研究表明:医院污水经深化处理后比未经深化处理污水的COD、SS、氨氮、色度、粪大肠菌群数都大幅度降低,达到了GB18466—2005《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》和GB l8920—2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中冲厕及绿化用水。建议循环再利用。