未熟-低熟烃源岩的有机岩石学特征

采用全岩光片镜鉴和显微荧光分析方法 ,对我国不同地区 5 0 0余块未熟 低熟烃源岩样品进行了系统的有机岩石学研究。未熟 低熟烃源岩显微组分组成具有显著的非均质性 ,不同地区显示出陆源组分与水生生源组分不同的“配比”关系 ,反映出其有机质组成的复杂性 ,并确认藻类体、孢子体、树脂体、木栓质体、壳屑体和矿物沥青基质等组分是其最常见的生烃组分。基于对镜质组反射率Ro和孢子体荧光变化等演化指标特征的分析 ,认为未熟 低熟烃源岩有机质早期热演化具有明显的阶段性 ,一般都表现为“二段式”变化 ,其变化界限大致以Ro等于 0 .5 0 %～ 0 .5 5 %为界。     

雌二醇短期暴露对非洲爪蟾性腺和输卵管形态及性二态基因表达影响的初步研究

环境雌激素对两栖动物的生殖内分泌干扰作用已引起关注,目前的研究主要集中在长期暴露对性腺分化和发育的影响。以雌二醇(E2,10 nmol·L-1)为模式化合物,以非洲爪蟾为实验动物,6月龄的幼蛙暴露6 d,研究雌激素对性腺和输卵管形态以及性二态性基因表达的影响。结果发现,6 d的E2暴露对精巢和卵巢的形态没有明显影响,但从组织学结构来看对卵和精子的发育有微弱的促进作用。E2能够明显地促进了雌性输卵管的发育,表现为输卵管变粗变弯曲。E2暴露显著抑制精巢和卵巢中性激素合成相关基因cyp11a1、3βHSD、Srd5α、ARO的表达,对cyp17的表达无影响,使脑中LHβ和FSHβ的表达下调;对性别分化和性腺发育相关基因Dax、AR、ERα、TFⅢA、TBPL2的表达均无影响,但能够促进卵巢中Sox3的表达;同时促进脑中Emi2的表达,抑制脑中Dmrt1的表达。因此,输卵管可作为敏感的形态指标,性腺中Srd5α、cyp11a1、3βHSD、ARO、Sox3和脑中LHβ、FSHβ、Dmrt1、Emi2可作为分子指标。以上结果可为后续建立评价化学品对两栖动物雌激素效应的短期试验方法提供参考。     

马尾松幼胚培养愈伤组织诱导的初步研究

取优良的马尾松幼胚作为外植体,在添加不同BA、NAA浓度配比的1/2MS培养基上于室温25±2℃进行组织培养.研究表明,以1/2MS为基本培养基时,进行愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为1/2MS BA1 NAA0.1 0.6%琼脂 30/L蔗糖.愈伤组织大多为白色或白绿色的颗粒状,质地疏松半透明而有光泽.NAA是诱导愈伤组织的必需因子,但量过多又不利于外植体不定芽的产生.图1,表2,参24.     

中温两相UBF反应器处理养鸡场离心废水的试验分析

在中温 35℃采用两相 UBF反应器处理养鸡场离心废水 ,结果表明 :进水 CODcr为 190 0 0 mg/ L,系统容积负荷 2 1.5 4kg CODcr/ m3· d,水力停留时间 2 1.17hr,CODcr去除率为 81.98% ,BOD5 去除率为 90 .45 % ,产气率为 0 .44 6 m3/kg CODcr     

镉对性未成熟鸡卵巢FSHR与LHRmRNA表达的影响

应用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法,检测镉中毒的性未成熟鸡卵巢卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)和黄体生成素受体(LHR)mRNA表达水平的变化.结果表明,对照组二者的表达随时间的延长呈升高趋势,加镉组二者呈不同程度的降低.由此认为,在卵巢发育早期阶段,镉通过降低FSHRmRNA和LHRmRNA的表达水平,影响卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)生理作用的发挥.     

舞阳、襄城盐湖盆地未熟油地球化学特征、判别标志及成因

通过对舞阳、襄城凹陷原油及烃源岩样品的有机地化分析 ,研究了该区未熟油地球化学特征、判别标志及成因类型。认为盐湖盆地原油具“两高、两低”特征 ,族组成上表现为饱和烃含量较低 ,“非烃 +沥青质”含量较高。正烷烃呈双峰态分布 ,OEP值 >1。具植烷优势 ,Pr/Ph <0 .2 5。萜烷以伽玛蜡烷含量高 ,Tm/Ts >1。脱羟基维生素E普遍存在 ,其分布型式主要有倒“V”字型和不对称“V”字型。根据C2 9甾烷 2 0S/ (2 0S +2 0R) ,C2 9甾烷 ββ/ (ββ +αα) ,C3 2 藿烷 2 2S/ (2 2S +2 2R)等成熟度参数 ,认为原油属于未熟油。伽玛蜡烷、脱羟基维生素E及碳同位素组成特征反映原油属咸水湖相、盐湖相成因。     

A plea to implement robustness into a breeding goal: poultry as an example

The combination of breeding for increased production and the intensification of housing conditions have resulted in increased occurrence of behavioral, physiological, and immunological disorders. These disorders affect health and welfare of production animals negatively. For future livestock systems, it is important to consider how to manage and breed production animals. In this paper, we will focus on selective breeding of laying hens. Selective breeding should not only be defined in terms of production, but should also include traits related to animal health and welfare. For this we like to introduce the concept of robustness. The concept of robustness includes individual traits of an animal that are relevant for health and welfare. Improving robustness by selective breeding will increase (or restore) the ability of animals to interact successfully with the environment and thereby to make them more able to adapt to an appropriate husbandry system. Application of robustness into a breeding goal will result in animals with improved health and welfare without affecting their integrity. Therefore, in order to be ethically acceptable, selective breeding in animal production should accept robustness as a breeding goal. L. Star, E. D. Ellen contributed equally to this work. Star belongs to the Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, and the rest of the authors belong to the Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University.     

济阳坳陷牛庄洼陷南斜坡原油成熟度浅析

从定性和绝对定量角度对济阳坳陷牛庄洼陷南斜坡原油、烃源岩可溶物烃类组成进行了详细剖析 ,重点从定性和定量角度对该区“未熟 低熟油”的成熟度进行了讨论。结果表明 ,依据最新确认的未熟 低熟油界定标准 ,牛庄洼陷南斜坡八面河等油田原油的定量成熟度参数已达到成熟油的范畴 ;标样定量分析表明 ,原油中粪甾烷、13α ,14α三环萜烷等热稳定性低的生物标志物绝对丰度极低 ;原油C2 9甾烷ααα2 0S/ (S +R)的实际值高于测定值 ,未熟 低熟烃类的混入是导致原油甾烷异构化参数值大幅度降低和热稳定性低化合物检出的根本原因。定性和绝对定量的结合是识别原油成熟度高低的可靠途径     

混作在黄土母质生土改良中的应用

以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究小麦与3种豆科牧草及油菜混作对根际土壤生物活性及土壤营养的影响.结果表明,黄土母质生土混作较单作可显著促进根际土壤微生物的繁衍、酶活性及土壤营养的提高,且在混作根土系统中,三大微生物种群数量、多种土壤酶活性以及土壤N、P、有机质营养之间均存在显著或极显著的正向相关关系.4种混作处理以豌/麦根际土壤综合效应较好,可作为生土改良的首选混播作物.结果还显示,在小麦生长期内,混作根际微生物数量与酶活性及根际土壤营养均随生育进程呈前低—中高—后低的抛物线变化.研究为混作复合群体应用于黄土母质生土地改良提供了理论参考.图3表1参23     

Suppressive effect of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls transfer from feed to eggs of laying hens by activated carbon as feed additive

In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) transfer from the feed to the eggs of laying hens by using activated carbon as a feed additive. Four groups of six hens (White Leghorn egg-layers; age, 11 weeks) were housed as two control groups and two exposure groups for a period of 20 weeks. Two control groups were fed with either the basal feed “Control” or basal feed additing activated carbon “Control + C”. Another two exposure groups were fed with feed contaminated (about 6 ng TEQ kg⁻¹ feed) by standard solutions of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs “Exposure” alone and contaminated feed adding activated carbon “Exposure + C”. There was no significant effect on each groups for the growth rate, biochemical blood components, and egg production: these were around the standard levels for poultry in general. Moreover the results in this study showed the availability of activated carbon as a feed additive owing to the reduction in the risk of food pollution by PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs. The concentration in the eggs of the Exposure group gradually increased following the start of egg-laying but reached a steady state after about 1 month. In contrast, the concentration for the Exposure + C group was stationary and below the maximum EU level (6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat). In comparison to the Exposure group, the Exposure + C group showed a significant decline in the percentage of bioaccumulation into the egg. This reduction due to activated carbon was also observed in the muscle and abdominal fat. The reductions were compound- and congener-dependent for DL-PCBs as follows: PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho-PCBs, and mono-ortho-PCBs were more than 90%, 80%, and 50%, respectively, irrespective of the type of tissues. Fat soluble vitamin concentrations in the eggs of the Exposure + C group showed lower trends than the Exposure group. The γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol concentrations in eggs of Exposure + C group showed a significant reduction of about 40%. However, the addition of activated carbon into animal feed could obviate the remote potential for accidents causing unintentional food pollution with PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs.