Possible Utilization of Silica Gel Sludge for the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions: Laboratory Studies

This paper discusses the adsorption capacity of silica gel sludge for phenol removal from aqueous solution. Kinetic experiments showed that phenol adsorption was completed after 2 h. Adsorption isotherms were measured for phenol from aqueous solution onto silica gel sludge under various pHs and temperatures. Results showed that the adsorption capacities for phenol was increased as pH decreased from 6.5 to 2. Temperature also was found to affect the adsorption isotherm. As temperature increases from 30 to 50°C, the adsorption capacity increases. The adsorption equilibrium of phenol on silica gel sludge was described by the linear Freundlich and Langmuir models. Furthermore, results showed that the isotherm parameters fit both linearized Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The Freundlich and Langmuir parameters at optimum pH was found as K _f=2.89, 1/n=0.23 and K _d=22.0, q _m=7.98, respectively. Whereas, for those at optimum temperature it was observed as K _f=2.87, 1/n=0.16 and K _d=20.93, q _m=7.91, respectively.     

低浓度臭氧在含钴盐硅胶上的吸附研究

常压下对含钴盐硅胶进行低浓度臭氧的吸附实验，吸附达到饱和后用氮气作为载气加热解吸。结果显示，含钴盐的硅胶对臭氧具有较强的吸附能力；臭氧解吸量随着解吸温度的上升而增加；吸附了臭氧的含钴硅胶粒子在常温(313．15K)下可在60min内不问断解吸出臭氧。     

HAN基ECSP凝胶模型的构建与分子动力学模拟

目的 从微观分子的角度对硝酸羟胺(HAN)基电控固体推进剂(Electrically Controlled Solid Propellants,ECSP)的性能参数进行模拟与计算。方法 利用分子表面静电势(ESP)对HAN分子2种可能的构型进行优化和稳定性分析。通过真空非周期性分子动力学模拟得到聚乙烯醇(PVA)分子稳定构型,并以HAN基ECSP的主要成分按一定比例构建凝胶模型。基于RESP(Restrained Electrostatic Potential)电荷生成更准确的凝胶模型拓扑文件,并进行凝胶模型的分子动力学模拟、模型稳定分析以及模型参数计算。结果 凝胶模型总能量相对平均值的周期性波动不超过7%。由于三维PVA链的包裹,H2O分子的扩散系数被大幅削弱。氢键分析和径向分布函数表明氢键键长主要分布在0.282 6 nm附近,PVA与H2O间的氢键较少,H2O与HAN、H2O与H2O之间的氢键较多。模型密度为1.405 g/cm³,与实验值吻合度高。在283、293、303 K下,HAN基ECSP凝胶模型的拉伸模量依次降低,剪切模量先增后减。在15 K/600 ps冷却速率下,HAN基ECSP凝胶模型的拉伸模量和剪切模量均增大。结论 ECSP制备结束后,冷却过程中的环境温度不宜过高,否则容易造成ECSP力学性能的快速下降,快速冷却可以提高ECSP的力学性能。     

紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒增强LIBS检测强酸性废水中的重金属

强酸性废水组份复杂,且常规方法难以快速准确地检测其中的重金属,为此建立了基于样品固化预处理和激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)快速准确检测强酸性废水中重金属的方法。结果表明：在紫外光照条件下,固化剂丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸受光引发剂(2-羟基-4′-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)作用聚合形成相互交联的长链聚合物网络结构,可在广泛的酸度下实现对强酸性废水的快速凝胶固化;同时凝胶表面覆上纳米银颗粒能增强激光对样品表面的烧蚀强度,增强了LIBS光谱强度;LIBS激发的Cu(I) 324.75 nm、Ni(I) 218.64 nm 和Zn(II) 206.12 nm光谱强度与无纳米银颗粒相比得到了显著提高。在优化的固化条件和LIBS系统参数下,紫外光照凝胶固化纳米颗粒增强LIBS对强酸性废水中Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺和Zn²⁺ 重金属的检出限分别为1.489、1.512和 4.886 mg∙L⁻¹。对实际强酸性废水中Cu²⁺、Ni ²⁺和Zn²⁺ 的加标回收测定结果表明,该方法对强酸性废水中重金属分析具有良好的准确性和稳定性。紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒增强LIBS方法可实现强酸性废水中重金属的快速和精准检测,为强酸性废水中重金属的检测提供新的技术支持。     

TiO2薄膜光催化效果的强化

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2溶胶,将其涂覆在普通钠钙玻璃上,以TiO2对甲基橙的光分解率探讨TiO2薄膜最佳光催化性能.结果表明,当PEG400的加入量为7%时,TiO2薄膜的光催化性能最强;用锐钛型TiO2粉末二次引发的溶胶提拉制成的薄膜对甲基橙的光催化分解效果有很大的提高;经滴加操作后薄膜的光催化性能有明显改善;各个影响因素最好的组合效果为滴加操作 锐钛型粉体引发 H2SO4超强酸化 La3 掺杂.     

Mapping of tritium emissions using absorption vapour samplers

Püspökszilágy Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility (RWTDF) is a typical near-surface engineered repository designated to store low- and intermediate-level wastes from various institutes, research facilities and hospitals in Hungary. Two automatic combined ¹⁴C–tritium sampling units installed at the facility sample the air 2 m above surface. The one installed near the vaults detects tritium (T) activities two orders of magnitude higher than the far reference sampling unit. To localize the T emissions, 19 small absorption vapour samplers filled with silica gel were settled onto the ground surface. After the saturation of the silica gel, the water was recovered and its T concentration was measured with a low-background liquid scintillation counter. The absorption vapour samplers are cheap, simple and easy-to-use. We present the samplers and the T distribution map constructed from the data, which helps to localize the T emission.     

Preconcentration and determination of trace copper(II) in natural water using silica gel modified with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Trace copper (II) in water can be preconcentrated using silica gel modified with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) and be determined spectrophotometri-cally. The conditions for the preconcentration were studied. The method was applied to both artificial and natural water samples and the results suggest that copper (II) of ppb level in water can be measured accurately after the preconcentration.     

过硫酸钠缓释胶囊反应带修复苯胺污染地下水

针对有机污染地下水原位化学氧化修复中普遍存在的氧化剂过量使用、污染物反弹和二次污染问题,以苯胺（AN）为特征污染物,以活化过硫酸盐为氧化剂,采用硬脂酸为胶结剂,制备过硫酸钠（PS）和硫酸亚铁（FeSO₄）缓释胶囊,构建基于PS和FeSO₄缓释胶囊的可渗透反应屏障（PS-FeSO₄-PRB）,考查了缓释胶囊组分、地下水流速对PRB中活性物质释放和AN去除的影响.结果表明,当缓释胶囊中活性物质/硬脂酸为1/2,地下水流速为0.1mL/min时,48h后PRB中PS和Fe²⁺累计释放率分别为43.18%和14.98%.当PRB中FeSO₄/PS为1/9时,AN累计去除率达到95.37%,TOC累计去除率为57.07%.采用砂柱模拟AN污染地下水,比较了直接注射PS和FeSO₄与PS-FeSO₄-PRB两种处理方式的修复性能,4d内两者的AN累计去除率分别为35.22%和69.74%,TOC累计去除率分别为15.83%与14.88%.PS-FeSO₄-PRB修复效果明显高于直接注射处理.GC/MS分析表明,处理后产生了对苯醌、偶氮苯以及长链烷烃等产物,导致AN矿化率不高.pH值和Eh连续记录结果表明,PS-FeSO₄-PRB处理能够保持反应体系氧化还原电位和酸碱性的相对稳定.相比直接注射氧化剂,基于PS和FeSO₄-缓释胶囊的PRB处理中地下水的急性毒性更低,二次污染风险更小.     

Enhanced catalytic complete oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane over mesoporous transition metal-doped γ-Al2O3

High-surface-area mesoprous powders of γ-Al₂O₃ doped with Cu^2 +, Cr^3 +, and V^3 + ions were prepared via a modified sol–gel method and were investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of chlorinated organic compounds. The composites retained high surface areas and pore volumes comparable with those of undoped γ-Al₂O₃ and the presence of the transition metal ions enhanced their surface acidic properties. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts in the oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was studied in the temperature range of 250–400°C. The catalytic activity and product selectivity were strongly dependent on the presence and the type of dopant ion. While Cu^2 +- and Cr^3 +-containing catalysts showed 100% conversion at 300°C and 350°C, V^3 +-containing catalyst showed considerably lower conversion. Furthermore, while the major products of the reactions over γ-alumina were vinyl chloride (C₂H₃Cl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) at all temperatures, Cu- and Cr-doped catalysts showed significantly stronger capability for deep oxidation to CO₂.     

CMC-膨润土交联固定镰刀菌反应器对对氯苯酚废水的降解特性

采用CMC-膨润土交联方法固定镰刀菌,研究了其固定方法对4-CP废水的降解效果,考察了固定化生物反应器间歇与连续运行处理4-CP废水的降解性能.结果表明,CMC-膨润土包埋固定镰刀菌对4-CP的降解速率最大;反应器问歇运行时,4-CP的降解率随其初始浓度增加而有所下降,浓度高于50 mg·L-1的4-CP降解过程基本上...