The Impact of Agriculture On Dissolved Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Temperate Ecosystems

Although most research has focussed on inorganic nutrient forms of nitrate (NO^-₃) and phosphorus (PO³₄) in runoff and receiving waters, nitrogen loss from agricultural land can also occur in organic and ammonium-nitrogen form; phosphorus losses, although often dominated by particulate transport, may occur in soluble organic and inorganic form. Furthermore, fluxes between different species may take place during transport from the land to the stream and as a result of in-stream, in-river or in-lake transformations. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation in all nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions in a drainage basin is therefore essential if the wider environmental significance of elevated nutrient concentrations in natural waters are to be assessed. This paper reviews recent work on N and P losses from agricultural land and presents some results from two intensive agricultural catchments: Slapton, Devon and the river Windrush catchment in the Cotswolds.     

用煤矸石制取水玻璃的研究

本文研究了用煤矸石制取水玻璃的可行性，利用正交试验，研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、反应温度、ＮａＯＨ浓度、渣样粒度等因素对制取过程的影响，确定了最佳操作条件。     

粒径和底床地形对沉积物中有机磷释放的影响

主要研究了2种沉积物粒径（35 μm和130 μm）及底床微地形对沉积物中内源溶解性有机磷释放的影响。选取某浅水湖泊沉积物为研究对象,对其人工污染溶解性有机磷,利用室内循环直流水槽顶盖驱动流模拟风生流,考察静态和风生流作用下,不同粒径沉积物及底床微地形对溶解性有机磷释放的影响。实验结果表明：在20 cm·s-1及38 cm·s-1 2种驱动流速条件下,35 μm粒径沉积物实验组中沉积物有机磷释放速率均大于130 μm实验组。对于35 μm粒径沉积物实验组,在20 cm·s-1驱动水流扰动下,沉积物有机磷的平衡释放量为0.44 mg·L-1,在38 cm·s-1驱动水流扰动下为0.49 mg·L-1;对于130 μm粒径沉积物实验组,在20 cm·s-1和38 cm·s-1 2种扰动下的沉积物有机磷平衡释放量分别为0.29 mg·L-1、0.30 mg·L-1;驱动流速的提高促使达到平衡状态时的释放量提高,小粒径沉积物,提高驱动流速更利于平衡释放量的提高,且高驱动流速缩短达到释放平衡所需的时间。在底床微地形（对地形的描述采用y=0.1sin2πx）实验中发现,静态条件下,波峰处上覆水有机磷浓度首先逐渐降低至0.18 mg·L-1,其后升高至0.40 mg·L-1并达到平衡,而波谷处则不断上升至极大值0.87 mg·L-1,其后下降至0.77 mg·L-1并达到平衡;而在20 cm·s-1的驱动水流扰动下,波峰波谷处上覆水有机磷浓度变化较为一致,均逐渐增长至极大值0.39 mg·L-1和0.45 mg·L-1后达到平衡状态。此外,在静态和动态条件下,波谷处上覆水中有机磷含量始终高于波峰处。     

盐溶法去除糖厂滤泥中蛋白质的条件优化

通过盐溶法去除糖厂滤泥中蛋白质,以处理后滤泥中剩余的蛋白质含量为评估指标,研究了温度,NaCl的浓度,料液比,时间对蛋白质去除的影响.在单因素实验分析的基础上进行正交实验,对相关因素在不同水平上对实验结果的影响进行了分析.结果表明,盐溶法去除蛋白质的最优条件是温度为40℃,氯化钠溶液的浓度为1%,料液比为1:10,时间为90 min.处理后糖厂滤泥的蛋白质含量为1.36%,去除率为80%.     

铬革渣资源化处理研究 Ⅱ.由铬革渣提取蛋白质和铬(Ⅲ)

铬革渣是制革工业废弃物,经碱水解脱铬提取蛋白质.蛋白质与作为载体的糠麸混合,烃干燥后粉碎,制成饲料蛋白粉.剩余的碱性滤渣用硫酸提取硫酸铬,该盐可作为铬鞣剂,提铬后的酸性滤渣可用作花肥.     

工业纤维废渣利用的生物技术研究

用平板分离法从树皮中选育出“５０８８号菌种”，使麻纺厂的废弃下脚料转化成可替代饲料中玉米成份的“媲谷菌饲”。并利用造纸厂白泥，粘胶纤维厂废水处理产生的污泥作饲料钙，锌元素添加剂获成功。     

土霉素对小麦种子发芽与幼苗生长发育的生态毒性

研究了土霉素对小麦种子发芽以及早期幼苗生长发育的生态毒性效应.结果表明,土霉素对小麦种子芽长及根长的抑制效应显著(p<0.01),而且它们之间具有良好的剂量-效应关系.根据线性回归方程得出土霉素对小麦种子芽长和根长的半抑制浓度为65.5 mg/L和34.7 mg/L.然而,土霉素对小麦种子的发芽率并没有显著的影响.研究还表明,0.15~2.4 mg/L土霉素暴露21 d后,小麦叶片中的叶绿素含量降低了35.6%~47.3%,叶片及根部的可溶性蛋白含量也均呈显著下降趋势.暴露7 d后,0.15~2.4 mg/L土霉素对小麦叶片和根部SOD与POD活性的抑制效应不显著,但随着暴露时间的延长,土霉素对小麦的SOD与POD酶活性抑制率显著下降;2.4 mg/L土霉素暴露21 d后,小麦根部的SOD活性下降72.3%,说明土霉素对小麦幼苗体内的抗氧化系统具有破坏作用.该实验结果显示,低浓度土霉素长期暴露对小麦幼苗的生长发育具有不良的生态毒性效应.     

利用酒糟生产饲料蛋白的菌种选育

为了提高酒糟蛋白质的含量和粗纤维的降解,本研究选菌种３０株,以白酒糟为原料筛选出优质饲料蛋白菌株８５０２,８５０３和８５０５三株。用微生物液体发酵法,经研究发现,以８５０３和８５０５组成的多菌发酵体系,使酒糟初始蛋白含量由２３．０％。     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.     

负载型纳米TiO2光催化降解水中微量溶解性间二甲苯

以高压汞灯为光源 ,采用浸涂 -烧结法制备的负载型纳米TiO2 作为光催化剂 ,通过对水中微量溶解性间二甲苯的光催化氧化过程的研究表明 ,初始浓度在 6 .6 8— 17.36mg/L的范围内 ,间二甲苯的光催化反应遵循表观一级反应动力学规律 ,反应的表观速率常数随溶液初始浓度的增大而减小 ,半衰期则随初始浓度的增大而增加 ,经 1.5h反应后 ,溶液中间二甲苯的去除率从 17.36mg/L的 5 4 .4 4 %增加到 6 .6 8mg/L的 75 .90 %。