室内空气和灰尘中全(多)氟烷基化合物的研究进展

全(多)氟烷基化合物(per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在环境各个介质及人体样品中广泛被检出,近年,在室内空气和灰尘中也普遍发现PFASs.研究表明,室内空气中PFASs的含量普遍高于室外空气,室内空气和灰尘中的PFASs可能是室外空气的污染来源及人体暴露源,因此室内环境中PFASs成为环境领域的又一个研究热点.但目前为止,我国还没有开展室内空气中PFASs的相关研究,室内灰尘中PFASs的研究也相对较少.本文就室内空气和灰尘中PFASs的采样与分析方法、污染现状、来源分析及人体暴露等4个方面进行了综合阐述,以期为我国室内环境中PFASs的研究提供参考.     

Composition of Floating Debris in Harbours of the United States

As part of a programme to characterize floating anthropogenic debris in the aquatic environment, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted 18 field surveys in the harbours of major metropolitan cities of the east, west, and Gulf coasts of the United States and the Mid-Atlantic Bight. the surveys were designed to provide information on the types, relative amounts, and distributions of aquatic debris in different geographic regions of the United States. Neuston nets (0.33 mm mesh) were used to collect surface debris during outgoing tides on two or three consecutive days in selected areas of each city. After each net tow, the debris, which ranged in size from small resin pellets to large plastic sheeting pieces, was identified, categorized, and counted. the data are being used to qualitatively characterize aquatic debris in coastal metropolitan areas, to examine potential regional variations, and to tentatively identify potential sources.     

Differences and similarities of gas and dust explosions: A critical evaluation of the European ‘ATEX’ directives in relation to dusts

Explosive gas mixtures and explosive dust clouds, once existing, exhibit similar ignition and combustion features. However, there are two basic differences between dusts and gases which are of substantially greater significance in design of safety standards than these similarities. Firstly, the physics of generation and up-keeping of dust clouds and premixed gas/vapour clouds are substantially different. This means that in most situations where accidental explosive gas clouds may be produced quite readily, generation of explosive dust clouds would be highly unlikely. Secondly, contrary to premixed gas flame propagation, the propagation of flames in dust/air mixtures is not limited only to the flammable dust concentration range of dynamic clouds. The state of stagnant layers/deposits offers an additional discrete possibility of flame propagation.

The two European Directives 94/9/EC (1994) and 1999/92/EC (1999) primarily address gases/vapours, whereas the particular properties of dusts are not addressed adequately. Some recent IEC and European dust standards resulting from this deficiency are discussed, and the need for revising the two directives accordingly is emphasized.     

大型城市重大危险源监管与应急救援体系的研究

分析大型城市重大危险源的现状,指出重大危险源监管存在的主要问题,提出大型城市重大危险源监管与应急救援体系包括的子系统,即:重大危险源的普查与辨识系统、重大危险源的安全评估系统、重大危险源的管理与控制系统、重大危险源事故的应急救援系统,并对其子系统的概念、构成和内容进行分析和阐述,提出了大型城市重大危险源监管与应急救援的思路、模式和对策。     

HISTORICAL TRENDS IN SEDIMENTATION RATES AND SEDIMENT PROVENANCE,FAIRFIELD LAKE,WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA1

Sedimentation rates and sediment provenance were examined for lacustrine sediments deposited in Fairfield Lake, western North Carolina, during the past 111 years. Stratigraphic, radionuclide, and cartographic data indicate that sedimentation rates have increased several fold during the past three decades in response to localized development. The magnitude of increased sedimentation was surprising given limited development within the basin: 0.12 to 0.68 buildings/ha in 2000 in those parts directly delivering sediment to the dated cores. Thus, the analysis illustrates the potential sensitivity of watersheds in the southern Appalachians to changes in land cover. An approach that combined geochemical fingerprinting with sediment mixing models was subsequently evaluated to determine its ability to accurately estimate the contribution of sediment from (1) major bedrock formations that underlie the watershed and (2) potential sources associated with four land cover categories. Sediment sources in both analyses proved difficult to geochemically fingerprint to greater than 90 percent accuracy using data on acid‐soluble metals and selected isotopes of lead (Pb). The relative contributions of sediment from delineated sources, estimated by the mixing models, generally corresponded with known temporal and spatial patterns of land cover. However, the models were plagued by two significant problems — the chemical alteration of sediments as they were transported through upland streams to depositional sites within the lake and the loss of elemental mass. Thus, future investigations using the fingerprinting approach in this area of intense weathering, and presumably others, will need to modify the existing methods to more accurately elucidate changes in sediment provenance related to development.     

面向工业污染源排放的城市大气环境系统韧性评价及其时空演化

关中城市群是西部地区两大城市群之一。在该区域内有较多重污染企业。为探索关中城市群各市大气环境系统的韧性水平,将韧性理念应用于城市大气环境系统,并以工业污染源排放为视角,建立基于风险矩阵理论 (RMA) 与PSR的韧性评价模型,利用基于博弈论的组合赋权法确定PSR权重,并采用Sobol方法对模型进行敏感性分析,实现对关中城市群2018—2020年城市大气环境系统韧性时序演化及空间分布的实证分析。结果表明：非甲烷总烃、甲醇、氟化物及硫化氢属于敏感参数,其中甲醇为高敏感参数;从时间维度看,2019年关中城市群各城市大气环境系统韧性水平普遍高于2018年和2020年;从空间维度看,关中城市群各城市大气环境系统韧性水平呈现出“非均衡不稳定性”,3年中仅有西安、渭南及平凉3市达到高度韧性水平,中低韧性区域占绝大部分。提出相应的区域大气污染控制策略,如加强城市间的经验交流和分工协作、发挥西安的辐射带动作用、实施韧性区分类管理等。本研究可为关中城市群城市大气环境系统韧性建设提供参考。     

国控污染源监测信息公开情况评价指标体系研究

根据国控污染源监测特点与环境信息公开的实际需求,提出了国控污染源监测信息公开情况评价指标体系。按照目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次,从完整性、规范性、一致性、及时性、开放性等5个方面构建了评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法对指标进行赋权。根据国控污染源监测信息公开情况评价指标体系,对2014年山东省国控污染源监测信息公开情况进行评价。结果表明：2014年山东省国控污染源监测信息发布较为全面,但存在部分污染源监测信息发布不完整、不规范的情况,发布的信息可反映2014年全省国控污染源排污情况。     

九龙江流域氮的源汇时空模式与机理初探

综合运用定位监测、野外试验、模型模拟与GIS技术等手段和方法,定量研究了南亚热带地区九龙江流域和五川小流域氮的大气沉降、河流输送(地表径流)、淋失、反硝化和氨挥发等输入输出(源汇)时空模式与机理.结果表明,九龙江流域氮"源"以化肥与饲料输入为主(占总输入125.6kg·hm-2的86%).氮"汇"以氨挥发和河流输送为主(占总输出72.9kg·hm-2的82%).氮输入后50%以上进入大气和水环境,14.5%通过河流输送至河口与近海.大气氮沉降通量为14.9kg·hm-2,其中干沉降占34%,湿沉降占66%,形成1:2的干湿沉降结构;源于化肥施用与畜禽养殖引起的强烈氨挥发,氮沉降集中在春夏两季(占全年80%),且以铵态氮为主(39%以上).氮的径流输出及河流输送受人为氮输入与水文条件的双重控制,2004年九龙江向厦门海域输送无机氮11.5kg·hm-2,其中90%发生在春夏秋季(同期流量占全年89%);五川小流域总氯径流输出负荷为67.1kg·hm-2,其中85%发生在施肥量大、降雨集中的春夏两季(作物生长期);基流与降雨径流分别贡献25%和75%.总氮淋失负荷为27.5kg·hm-2,占总输入的9%;pH<5的酸性土壤带正电荷导致氮淋失以铵态氮为主(约占40%).九龙江流域反硝化通量为7.7 kg.hm-2,而氮挥发高达42.1kg·hm-2,氨挥发主要来自化肥施用与畜禽养殖(分别贡献50%和39%).减少春夏时期肥料氮的输入(养分管理),有效截留雨季的降雨径流(水文控制)是该流域氮素管理的关键.     

设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

Trace Organic Matter in the Ria Formosa,Portugal

The Ria Formosa lagoon, Portugal, receives organic matter from many natural and anthropogenic sources. This paper presents an overview of the contribution these sources made through the use of lipid biomarkers. Sixty-one surface sediment samples were collected and analysed for a range of lipids. Sewage materials were confined to regions within 2 km of discharge points; phytoplankton biomarkers (sterols and fatty acids) suggest production was greatest in the inner parts of the lagoon that also have greatest inorganic nutrient enrichment; terrestrial organic matter was present in relatively low concentrations as shown by both sterol and fatty alcohols; bacteria were widespread although the Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRBs, shown by the presence of 3-OH fatty acids) were located near but not adjacent to sewage discharge points.