安丘-莒县断裂莒县盆地段晚第四纪以来的活动特征

野外调查研究结果表明，安丘-莒县断裂莒县盆地段是一条晚第四纪以来强烈活动的断层。根据断层走向、活动时代及活动性质的变化，可分为两段。董家坡-武家曲坊段和武家曲坊-太湖段，总长度约30km。从滑动速率的分布来看，董家坡-武家曲坊段全新世早期右旋水平滑动速率为1．83mm／a，垂直滑动速率大约为0．37mm／a；全新世晚期右旋水平滑动速率为0．86mm／a，垂直滑动速率大约为0．17mm／a。武家曲坊-太湖段晚更新世早期断裂右旋水平滑动速率为2．78mm／a，垂直滑动速率为0．65mm／a。全新世晚期右旋水平滑动速率为1．37mm／a。垂直滑动速率为0．18mm／a。上述资料表明，安丘-莒县断裂带盆地段的断裂活动无论是时间上还是空间上都有差异，晚更新世以来断裂的活动性有减弱的趋势，全新世时期断裂的活动北段比南段强。     

安丘-莒县断裂莒县盆地段晚第四纪以来的活动特征

野外调查研究结果表明,安丘-莒县断裂莒县盆地段是一条晚第四纪以来强烈活动的断层.根据断层走向、活动时代及活动性质的变化,可分为两段.董家坡-武家曲坊段和武家曲坊-太湖段,总长度约30km.从滑动速率的分布来看,董家坡-武家曲坊段全新世早期右旋水平滑动速率为1.83mm/a,垂直滑动速率大约为0.37mm/a;全新世晚期右旋水平滑动速率为0.86mm/a,垂直滑动速率大约为0.17mm/a.武家曲坊-太湖段晚更新世早期断裂右旋水平滑动速率为2.78mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.65mm/a.全新世晚期右旋水平滑动速率为1.37mm/a.垂直滑动速率为0.18mm/a.上述资料表明,安丘～莒县断裂带盆地段的断裂活动无论是时间上还是空间上都有差异,晚更新世以来断裂的活动性有减弱的趋势,全新世时期断裂的活动北段比南段强.     

Efficacy of a Voluntary Area to Be Avoided to Reduce Risk of Lethal Vessel Strikes to Endangered Whales

Abstract: Ocean‐going vessels pose a threat to large whales worldwide and are responsible for the majority of reported deaths diagnosed among endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Various conservation policies have been implemented to reduce vessel‐strike mortality in this species. The International Maritime Organization adopted the Roseway Basin Area to be avoided on the Scotian Shelf as a voluntary conservation initiative to reduce the risk of lethal vessel strikes to right whales. We initiated the Vessel Avoidance & Conservation Area Transit Experiment to evaluate the efficacy of this initiative because the effectiveness of the avoidance scheme in reducing risk without the imposition of vessel‐speed restrictions depends entirely on vessel‐operator compliance. Using a network of automatic identification system receivers, we collected static, dynamic, and voyage‐related vessel data in near real time from the Roseway Basin region for 12 months before and 6 months after the implementation of the area to be avoided. Using pre‐ and post‐implementation vessel navigation and speed data, along with right whale sightings per unit effort data, all resolved at 3′N latitude by 3′W longitude, we estimated the post‐implementation change in risk of lethal vessel strikes. Estimates of vessel‐operator voluntary compliance ranged from 57% to 87% and stabilized at 71% within the first 5 months of implementation. Our estimates showed an 82% reduction in the risk of lethal vessel strikes to right whales due to vessel‐operator compliance. We conclude that the high level of compliance achieved with this voluntary conservation initiative occurred because the area to be avoided was adopted by the International Maritime Organization. Our results demonstrate that international shipping interests are able and willing to voluntarily alter course to protect endangered whales.