昆明市冬季大气气溶胶外来源的化学组成

外来输入是城市大气颗粒物的主要来源之一,外来源气溶胶理化特征研究是理解其对城市大气颗粒物影响的前提和基础.本研究分析了昆明市冬季典型天气下主城区上风向大气PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm)的化学组分(包括元素、水溶性离子和碳组分)特征,结合气象要素筛选,获得了昆明市外来输入气溶胶的化学组成.昆明市外来源气溶胶P...     

Wind tunnel attraction of grapevine moth females, Lobesia Botrana, to natural and artificial grape odour

Summary. Host plant volatiles which attract insect herbivores for egg-laying are of principal interest with respect to insect ecology and evolution. Direct applications concern population monitoring and control through behavioural manipulation. Identification of behaviourally active plant secondary metabolites is essential also for plant breeding for insect resistance. Grapevine moth females Lobesia botrana are attracted by upwind flight to green grape berries Vitis vinifera. The headspace of grape berries was collected on air filters. A solvent extract of these filters, released from a sprayer, attracted females in the wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that volatile cues mediate attraction of grapevine moth females to grape berries, and that headspace collections capture the essence of this odour signal. The air filter extracts were examined by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection, and the compounds eliciting a consistent antennal response in L. botrana females were identified by mass spectrometry. The headspace collection apparatus was calibrated for collection efficiency of the active compounds. Their recovery rate ranged from 35 % for methyl salicylate to 83 % for (E,E)-α-farnesene. A synthetic ten-component blend was then formulated. The blend consisted of compounds eliciting an antennal response, formulated in a blend ratio corrected for differences in collection efficiency. Subsequent wind tunnel tests showed that female attraction to this synthetic ten-component blend was not significantly different from attraction to grape berries, or to headspace collections of the same berries. At a release rate of 35 ng/h of the most abundant compound (E)-β-caryophyllene, 20 % of the test females approached the source of sprayed headspace collections and the ten-component synthetic blend, respectively. In comparison, 100 g of green berries, releasing the main compound (E)-β-caryophyllene at a rate of ca. 4.7 ng/h, attracted 10 % of the females by upwind flight followed by source contact.     

回采采空区自燃的早期过程及数值模拟分析

用对流问题的迎风有限元方法结合图形显示技术，求解了采空区漏风渗流移动方程和氧浓度消耗与扩散方程（数值模型），描述了采宽区自燃早期的漏风流态和氧浓度分布特征，用高氧浓度区与蓄热区的叠加确定采空区自燃氧化带。该模型能分析在不同漏风条件下自燃氧化带的形状变化及自然发火危险位置；工作面进度和工作面风量与自燃氧化带范围具有连续的依赖关系，为研究采空区自然发火早期成长过程，合理控制工作面进度等提供一种辅助分析手段，有利于从根本上预防采空区自然发火。