地下水波动带中细菌群落结构与水质响应关系

为揭示地下水波动带中细菌群落结构特征及其与地下水环境相互作用关系,选取哈尔滨市第一水源地作为研究区,采集地下水样品以及波动带不同深度（0~5m非饱和带和6~50m饱和带）含水介质样品,分别用于水化学分析和16S rRNA细菌高通量测序,依托冗余分析定量表述地下水质参数与细菌群落相关性.水化学分析结果显示,研究区地下水主要污染物为Fe、Mn、NH₄⁺和有机质,Fe、Mn超标与研究区特定地质背景有关,NH₄⁺和有机质主要来源于人类活动.微生物分析结果显示,非饱和带和饱和带的细菌群落结构差异性显著,非饱和带细菌群落丰度和多样性显著高于饱和带,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Acidobacteria为研究区优势门,在非饱和带和饱和带的累积相对丰度分别为82.89%和98.64%.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,门水平上非饱和带中与水质演化强相关的细菌类群是Bacteroidetes、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Verrucomicrobia,贡献率分别为15%、14.8%、8.9%和5.2%;饱和带中对地下水质演化起主要作用的类群为Bacteroidetes、Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes,贡献率分别为38.4%、19.0%、10.8%和9.1%.属水平上非饱和带中的Pseudomonas和饱和带中的Flavobacterium对Fe、Mn、NH₄⁺生物转化起主导作用.本研究为揭示地下水波动带中生物地球化学作用对地下水环境的影响提供了科学依据,对地下水污染修复具有重要的意义.     

农药废水的“物化+生化”处理技术研究

生产久效磷和亚磷酸三甲脂产生的废水是高浓度、毒性大的有机农药废水 ,采用适当的物化手段作为预处理可以降低废水的CODCr和毒性 ,提高废水的可生化性 ,再经过以光合细菌为主的接触氧化处理 ,整个系统CODCr的去除率达到 99% ,出水CODCr降低至 2 0 0mg/L。     

利用PCR-DGGE技术分析生物陶粒硝化反应器中微生物群落动态

为了揭示生物陶粒硝化反应器中活性污泥的微生物种群多样性,从运行不同时期的反应器中提取活性污泥,利用PCR-DGGE技术初步分析了生物陶粒反应器细菌的种群演替情况.结果表明,随着进水COD值的逐阶段降低,氨氮去除率逐步提高到64.38%.群落结构和优势种群的数量具有时序动态性,微生物多样性与废水的处理效果出现协同变化的特征.测序结果表明,生物陶粒反应器中运行第21天的优势种群除了自养细菌,还有异养细菌存在.其中自养细菌为Nitrosospira.sp和Nitrobacter.sp,异养细菌为Bacillus.sp、Pseudomonas.sp和Pseudochrobactrum.sp.     

ENHANCING FECAL COLIFORM TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD MODELS THROUGH BACTERIAL SOURCE TRACKING1

ABSTRACT: Surface water impairment by fecal coliform bacteria is a water quality issue of national scope and importance. In Virginia, more than 400 stream and river segments are on the Commonwealth's 2002 303(d) list because of fecal coliform impairment. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) will be developed for most of these listed streams and rivers. Information regarding the major fecal coliform sources that impair surface water quality would enhance the development of effective watershed models and improve TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking (BST) is a recently developed technology for identifying the sources of fecal coliform bacteria and it may be helpful in generating improved TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking was performed, watershed models were developed, and TMDLs were prepared for three streams (Accotink Creek, Christians Creek, and Blacks Run) on Virginia's 303(d) list of impaired waters. Quality assurance of the BST work suggests that these data adequately describe the bacteria sources that are impairing these streams. Initial comparison of simulated bacterial sources with the observed BST data indicated that the fecal coliform sources were represented inaccurately in the initial model simulation. Revised model simulations (based on BST data) appeared to provide a better representation of the sources of fecal coliform bacteria in these three streams. The coupled approach of incorporating BST data into the fecal coliform transport model appears to reduce model uncertainty and should result in an improved TMDL.     

同步脱氮除磷系统中两种颜色好氧颗粒污泥的微生物群落特征

为研究同步脱氮除磷系统中出现的WG（白色好氧颗粒污泥）外形特点及微生物群落特征,探究其成因,利用SEM（扫描电子显微镜）表征了系统中的WG与YG（黄色好氧颗粒污泥）的微观形态,并采用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序平台对两种好氧颗粒污泥中细菌与真菌的群落组成进行研究.结果表明:WG结构疏松外形不规则,颗粒表面分布大量杆菌;而YG饱满紧实轮廓清晰,颗粒表面分布大量球菌.WG与YG的细菌群落组成相似,但真菌组成差异较大.与YG相比,WG具有更高的细菌和真菌多样性.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为WG和YG中的细菌优势门,其在WG中的相对丰度分别为68.85%和26.61%,在YG中的相对丰度分别为82.52%和12.30%.Candidatus competibacter、Candidatus accumulibacter和Chiayiivirga为WG中的优势属,相对丰度分别为22.13%、8.95%和7.37%;Candidatus competibacter、Chiayiivirga和Xanthomonas为YG中的优势属,相对丰度分别为47.94%、6.95%和7.06%.子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和Rozellomycota分别为WG与YG中真菌优势门,其在两个样品中的相对丰度分别为50.10%和81.77%.在属水平,WG中存在大量青霉属（Penicillium）和假丝酵母属（Candida）等丝状真菌,为WG的形成提供了框架.研究显示,当YG破碎成为小菌胶团后,附着在真菌框架上,造成了WG的快速形成,同时WG中Candidatus competibacter的相对丰度较低,使其外形疏松、透光性较好,呈现出白色.      

ABC算法优化SVR的磨损故障预测模型

目的为了提高故障预测的精度,针对支持向量回归SVR(Support vector machine for regression,SVR)参数选择困难的问题,提出一种采用人工蜂群(artificial bee colony,ABC)算法优化支持向量回归(SVR)的故障预测模型(ABC-SVR)。方法该模型先对样本数据进行重构,然后将故障预测误差(适应度)作为优化目标,通过ABC算法寻优找到最优的SVR参数,建立故障预测模型。最后通过实例仿真验证模型的优越性。结果采用ABC算法优化的SVR故障预测模型进行时间序列预测,能够较好地跟踪发动机滑油金属元素浓度的变化过程,并且能够提前2个取样时间预测异常情况的出现。结论 ABC-SVR模型有效解决了SVR参数选择难题,能够更加准确地表现故障变化规律,提高了故障预测精度。     

新颖性染料脱色菌株的筛选及脱色效果研究

文章首次尝试以新颖筛选方法对台湾及大陆两岸当地微生物自然生态中,以非偶氮染料脱色作为优势筛选条件,以筛选出可有效电子传递于非偶氮染料RB198脱色的混菌,再进行优势纯化分离,以得到可对非偶氮染料具有强电子传递脱色能力的菌株。再藉此特性来研究其对偶氮染料电子传递生物脱色的特性。结果表明,通过脱色测试及蛋白质电泳初步筛选出4种对非偶氮染料RB198具有较优异脱色能力的菌株,并进行16S rRNA分析,此4株纯菌分别为Microvirgula aerodenitrificans,Acinetobacter guillouiae,Pseudomonas sp.,Rahnella aquatilis。其中Rahnella aquatilis DX2b,Microvirgula aerodenitrificans SH7b为脱色新菌株,文章首度发表其具有脱色性能,对非偶氮染料RB198及偶氮染料RB160,OrangeⅠ有优异脱色能力。     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

DGGE及T-RFLP分析光照下电位对细菌群落的影响

电位和光照能影响生物电化学系统中产电光合微生物的富集和生长,为了明确电位对细菌多样性的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)两种方法分析光照条件下电位对电极生物膜细菌群落多样性的影响,实验设置0、0.2、0.4、0.6 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)4个电位.结果表明,0.6 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)下电极生物膜细菌DGGE条带数量较其他处理明显降低,对条带的测序结果显示不同电位下电极生物膜细菌主要属于α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)和梭菌纲(Clostridia).而0.2 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)处理下末端限制性片段(terminal restriction fragment,T-RF)的数量最高,片段数量随电压进一步升高呈现降低趋势.虽然DGGE和T-RFLP两种方法分析结果有一定差异,但都能反映电位对电极生物膜细菌群落多样性影响显著,高电位降低了细菌多样性.     

优势微生物菌群消减有机污泥作用效果分析

本文阐述用优势微生物菌群消解有机污泥的作用效果及原因,指出了优势菌群的构成类别和消解特点。实验结果表明,污泥消解率可达到55%,且过程对出水水质不产生负面影响,水质指标均符合GB18918-2002要求。