Enzymatic degradation of poly([R,S] β-hydroxybutyrate)

The synthetic analogue of a bacterially produced polyester, poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was synthesized from racemic -butyrolactone using anin situ trimethyl aluminum-water catalyst. The polymer was fractionated into samples differing in molecular weight and isotactic diad content. The latter was closely related to degree of crystallinity. The biodegradation of these fractions were examined by monitoring mass loss over time in the presence of anAlcaligenes faecalis T1 extracellular bacterial poly(-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase. The fraction with high isotactic diad tacticity content showed little or no degradation over a 50 hour incubation period, whereas the fraction of intermediate isotactic diad content degraded in a continuous steady fashion at a rate that was less than that for bacterial PHB. The low isotactic diad fraction underwent a rapid initial degradation, followed by no further mass loss. The presence of stereoblocks in the polymer structure of the various fractions was an influence on the degree of susceptibility towards degradation and is related to sample crystallinity.     

Large plasmids governing multiple resistances to heavy metals: A genetic approach∗

Gram negative bacteria classified as Alcaligenes eutrophus and carrying large resistance plasmids (generally two) were found in various industrial sites highly contaminated by heavy metals (Zn⁺⁺, Cu⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺,...). These strains were detected by DNA hybridization with a probe made with a 9kb fragment (ccz⁺ fragment) encoding for resistances to Cd⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺ and Zn⁺⁺, and cloned from plasmid pMOL30. This plasmid was isolated from the representative strain A. eutrophus CH34 which harbours the plasmids pMOL30 (240 kb) and pMOL28 (165 kb). Phenotypes related to pMOL28 and pMOL30 include the tolerance to Cd⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺, Cr0₄ ⁼, Cu⁺⁺, Hg⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺, Pb⁺⁺ and Zn⁺⁺. The described genetic properties of these plasmids refer to some cloned or mapped functions and to some plasmid rearrangements. Plasmid pMOL85 (250 kb) which is related to pMOL30 was also described. Its host (A. eutrophus DS185) was isolated from a zinc desert. pMOL85 can efficiently self transfer in plasmidfree derivatives.     

Bioavailability of zinc in runoff water from roofing materials

Corrosion and runoff from zinc-coated materials and outdoor structures is an important source for the dispersion of zinc in the environment. Being part of a large inter-disciplinary research project, this study presents the bioavailability of zinc in runoff water immediately after release from the surface of 15 different commercially available zinc-based materials exposed to the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. Runoff water was analysed chemically and evaluated for its possible environmental impact, using both a biosensor test with the bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus (Biomet^®) and the conventional 72 h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Chemical speciation modelling revealed that most zinc (94.3–99.9%) was present as the free Zn ion, the most bioavailable speciation form. These findings were confirmed by the results of the biosensor test (Biomet^®) which indicated that all zinc was indeed bioavailable. Analysis of the ecotoxicity data also suggested that the observed toxic effects were due to the presence of Zn²⁺ ions. Finally, regression analysis showed that, for this type of runoff samples, the rapid screening biosensor was capable of predicting (a) the total amount of zinc present in the runoff samples (R² of 0.93–0.98; p<0.05) and (b) the observed 72 h-EbC₅₀s (R² of 0.69–0.97; p<0.05).     

一株芴降解菌的分离鉴定及其对多环芳烃的降解广谱性研究

从某焦化厂活性污泥中筛选出一株芴的优势降解菌株W-1,经形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA基因序列分析,确定W-1为粪产碱杆菌.在接种量10%(V/V),初始芴浓度40 mg/L,pH 7.0,温度30℃的条件下,接种培养11 d后,菌株W-1对芴的降解效率达到87.8%.菌株W-1对多环芳烃的降解具有广谱性,...     

精噁唑禾草灵微生物降解的初步研究

从精噁唑禾草灵生产废水排放口处污泥中分离的产碱菌属H(AlcaligenesspH)对精噁唑禾草灵有较好的降解,降解浓度分别为100mg·l1,50mg·l1,25mg·l1的精噁唑禾草灵120h的降解率分别为4576%,6596%,6947%;利用HPLCMS对精噁唑禾草灵的微生物降解产物之一进行鉴定,结果表明精噁唑禾草灵水解是产碱菌属H降解精噁唑禾草灵的途径之一,其产物为(R)2[4(6-氯1,3苯并噁唑2基氧)苯氧基]丙酸和乙醇     

营养元素及培养条件对粪产碱杆菌降解机油的影响

利用从污水处理厂分离出的烷烃降解菌FZ5,考察了牛肉膏、蛋白胨、尿素、NH4NO3,KNO3,NaNO3,（NH4）2SO4,NH4C1分别作为氮源的影响。试验结果表明,菌株FZ5对有机氮源的利用比无机氮源好;通过正交实验对培养基配方中的N,P源进行优化,研究了机油降解过程中N和P物质供给对降解的影响;考察了Mg^2＋,Cu^2＋,Mn^2＋,Fe^2＋．Ca^2＋等二价金属微量元素对菌株FZ5降解机油的影响,结果表明,微量元素的供给可促进微生物的生长繁殖,有利于机油降解：最后还测定了温度、底物浓度、DH值对菌株FZ5降解机油能力的影响。     

真养产碱杆菌ATCC17699生产聚β－羟基丁酸摇瓶发酵条件的研究

在摇瓶条件下，首先对Ａ．ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｕｓ生产ＰＨＢ的一步法和二步法进行了比较研究，然后探讨了Ａ．ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｕｓ对不同碳源的利用情况，提出了较佳的ＰＨＢ发酵条件，并分析了ＰＨＢ的发酵过程曲线．研究结果表明，本研究采用的Ａ．ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｕｓ以一步法生产ＰＨＢ较为适宜，其对３种不同碳源的利用能力为：果糖＞丁酸＞葡萄糖；培养基中的丁酸浓度和ｐＨ值对ＰＨＢ发酵的生产指标和动力学参数有较大影响，其最佳值为１．８％和ｐＨ为０．８；最终发酵过程达到细胞于重ρ＝７．２ｇ·Ｌ－１，胞内ＰＨＢ含量ρ＝５．０ｇ·Ｌ－１，ω（ＰＨＢ）占细胞干重７２．２％．     

产碱杆菌DN25中降氰酶的分离纯化及生化特性

以一株可降氰的产碱杆菌DN25为酶来源,通过超滤、30 mg/mL硫酸鱼精蛋白沉淀、30%～70%硫酸铵盐析和Phenyl-Toyopearl 650M疏水层析等步骤,获得比活力为44 U/mg的纯化酶制剂.在确定酶浓度、反应时间等氰降解活力测定条件后开展酶学性质研究,试图为将来氰降解代谢机理的深入研究和菌株的基因工程改造提供理论基础.研究结果表明,此纯化酶催化氰化物水解的最适pH值为8.0,最适温度为30℃.该酶在pH 7.0～8.0区域稳定,而在pH>9时会很快失活;在30℃保存10 h,酶活力保持稳定,高于60℃,酶快速失活.加入甘氨酸稳定剂,在60℃下保存20 min酶活仍可保留19.6%.酶促反应动力学符合米氏双曲线方程,测得米氏常数Km为3.11 mmol/L,最大反应速率Vmax为0.23 mmolL-1min-1.     

高效异养硝化细菌Alcaligenes faecalis Ni3-1的分离及其脱氨特性研究

从生活排污渠中分离筛选出高效异养硝化菌株Ni3-1,通过形态和16S r DNA序列分析,初步鉴定为Alcaligenes faecalis。脱氨特性研究表明:Ni3-1的异养硝化作用主要发生在指数期;碳源对菌株脱氨效果影响较大,柠檬酸三钠和丁二酸钠为最佳碳源;在氨氮为10~1 000 mg/L时,Ni3-1均表现出较高的脱氨能力;Ni3-1适应能力较强,温度为25~35℃,p H为6~9,C/N为10~15时,24 h氨氮去除率均达95%以上。将Ni3-1用于处理高氨氮猪场废水,48 h氨氮去除率可达93.2%,且未检测到亚硝态氮和硝态氮的积累。总体而言,菌株Ni3-1在脱氨效率和适应能力方面具有明显优势,在污水脱氮处理中具有一定的开发利用价值。     

产碱杆菌DN25去除金矿废水中的氰

采用产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes sp.）DN25去除金矿选矿废水和矿渣浸出液中的氰。考察了菌株DN25的除氰效果,研究了DN25生长和降解活性的影响因素。实验结果表明：利用DN25处理选矿废水,当反应时间为23 h时,总氰质量浓度分别从162.6,32.4,21.0,22.3 mg/L降至0,0.07,0,1.24 mg/L;利用DN25处理矿渣浸出液,当反应时间为25 h时,总氰质量浓度分别从 4.4,8.8 mg/L降至0.37,0.38 mg/L;处理后两种废水的总氰质量浓度均满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求;DN25可在初始总氰质量浓度为10~30 mg/L且仅含碳源的条件下生长但存在24 h停滞期,而在初始总氰质量浓度为5~20 mg/L且含碳、氮源的条件下没有生长停滞期。